Economic and Social Impacts of<i>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</i>and<i>Paysandisia archon</i>on Palms

MacLeod, Alan; Hussein, Mohamud

doi:10.1002/9781119057468.ch3

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Pest and disease management of palms in public places is relatively limited, especially considering restrictions on the use of chemical plant protection products in public areas. This practice changed somewhat upon the establishment and rapid spread of red palm weevil in the EU and, to a lesser extent, palm borer (MacLeod and Hussein, 2017;Rochat et al, 2017). Until the development and practical adoption of endotherapy techniques, highly valuable ornamental palms in many European cities and communities were treated with insecticides (Gómez et al, 2009;Tapia et al, 2011).…”

Section: Crop Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of palms and ornamentals in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Mustapic,

Ivic,

Delbianco

2024

EFS3

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This technical report was prepared in the context of EFSA's mandate on plant pest surveillance (M-2020-0114), at the request of the European Commission. Its purpose is to support the Member States in the planning and preparation of crop-based surveys of regulated pests in line with Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. In particular, the report includes the list of palms and ornamental species reported as hosts of regulated pests within the scope of grant GP/EFSA/PLANTS/2022/10 'Development of crop-based survey tools for plant pests of fruit trees, conifers, and palms and ornamentals in the EU'. A list of pests associated with palms and ornamentals is provided. In addition, the occurrence, phenology, main uses, management, distribution and climate suitability of palms and ornamentals in the EU is elaborated. Finally, the regulatory requirements and data on trade and import for palms and ornamentals are reported. In total, 111 palm tree species are reported as hosts of at least one of the regulated pests. Among them, only three are native to the EU, four are nonnative but locally abundant in the EU, while 104 palm species are considered to be very rare or absent in the EU. With the exception of the date palm, all palm species present in the EU are used for ornamental purposes. The ornamental crop group comprises 36 plant species, of which three are native to the EU, 14 are non-native but locally abundant in the EU, and 19 are considered to be absent or very rare in the EU. Ornamentals are often cultivated in production systems ranging from low shelters or tunnels to high-technology greenhouses or glasshouses. The most common ornamental plants in the EU that are grown as potted plants, seedlings, bulbs, corms or cut flowers include chrysanthemums, carnations, dahlias, pelargonium, gerbera and violas. Ornamentals are cultivated in all Member States; the Netherlands being by far the biggest producer.

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Section: Crop Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of palms and ornamentals in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Mustapic,

Ivic,

Delbianco

2024

EFS3

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“…In many places in southern Europe around the Mediterranean, palms (Arecaceae) are an essential component of the urban landscape. They are planted in large numbers along streets, in public parks, hotel grounds and private gardens providing important ecosystem services (MacLeod and Hussein, 2017). When describing the relative abundance of palms in the EuroMed region Rochat et al (2014) categorised palms into three groups:…”

Section: Eu Distribution Of Main Host Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Haplaxius crudus

Bragard¹,

Dehnen‐Schmutz²,

Serio³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the planthopper Haplaxius crudus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) for the EU. This species occurs from south‐eastern USA to Northern Brazil and on many Caribbean islands. Adults oviposit on grasses, mostly Poaceae and Cyperaceae in the vicinity of palms (Arecaceae). The pest can also be found on plants of the families Arecaceae, Heliconiaceae, Pandanaceae and Verbenaceae. Preimaginal development takes place on the roots of grasses, where nymphs feed. Upon emergence, adults move to palms for feeding and return to grasses for oviposition. H. crudus is regulated in Annex IIA of Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072 as Myndus crudus, a junior synonym. This species is a competent vector of Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae, the causal agent of coconut lethal yellowing, a disease also regulated in Annex IIA of the same regulation. Within this regulation, potential entry pathways for H. crudus, such as Arecaceae and Poaceae plants for planting with foliage and soil/growing medium, and soil/growing media by themselves can be considered as closed. However, plants for planting of the families Cyperaceae, Heliconiaceae, Pandanaceae and Verbenaceae are not specifically regulated. Should H. crudus arrive in the EU, climatic conditions and availability of susceptible hosts in a small area in southern EU (e.g. eastern Cyprus and south‐western Spain) may provide conditions for limited establishment, and further spread to neighbouring areas in the Mediterranean basin during summer months. Economic impact is anticipated only if Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae is also introduced into the EU. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry. H. crudus satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. This species does not meet the criteria of being present in the EU and plants for planting being the main pathway for spread for it to be regarded as a potential non‐quarantine pest.

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“…None of the known hosts of Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas represent an important EU agricultural crop; however, a few of them are of high ornamental, landscape or cultural importance in the Mediterranean countries of the EU (MacLeod and Hussein, ). As stated in the Coconut Cadang‐Cadang Viroid pest categorisation (EFSA PLH Panel, ), a large number of those ornamental palms are produced in EU countries such as Spain and Italy (see Section 3.4.3.1) to be traded to the European markets; therefore, they can be of considerable economic importance.…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas

Jeger¹,

Bragard²,

Candresse³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas for the EU territory. This name is used to describe diseases that share the same succession of symptoms in palms that are caused by a number of strains of phytoplasma, for which efficient molecular detection assays are available. The pest is not known to occur in the EU and therefore does not meet one of the criteria for being a Union regulated non-quarantine pest. For 'Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae', the planthopper Haplaxius crudus, which is not known to be present in the EU, is the confirmed vector, but for the other strains, the vectors are unknown. The host range of the pest is restricted to Arecaceae species, in particular coconut. The pest is regulated on all known hosts in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. It could potentially enter the EU via plants for planting or through infected vectors. The phytoplasmas could become established in the EU as host plants are present. It is unknown whether arthropods present in the EU could be vectors. The potential impact of the pest if introduced into the EU is difficult to assess given this uncertainty but is estimated to be limited. The main knowledge gaps concern the status of potential vector insects in the EU; the possibility for seed transmission of the phytoplasmas; the origin and volume of the trade in palm seeds and plants for planting; the host status and susceptibility of many palm species grown in the EU and the potential new assignments of phytoplasmas to this categorisation that might have associated alternate hosts. Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas meet the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as Union quarantine pest.

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Economic and Social Impacts ofRhynchophorus ferrugineusandPaysandisia archonon Palms

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Characterisation of palms and ornamentals in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Characterisation of palms and ornamentals in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Pest categorisation of Haplaxius crudus

Pest categorisation of Palm lethal yellowing phytoplasmas

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