Economic assessment of urban space and blue-green infrastructure in Singapore

Abstract

The urban conglomeration has accentuated the role of urban greenery as a determinant factor for sustainable living, especially in highly dense cities. The country of Singapore has consistently attempted to develop and rehabilitate urban greenery by attempting to align the green space policy with the pursuit of better life quality. In this study, we assess the benefits arising from the rehabilitated Bishan-Ang Mo Kio (AMK) Park in north Singapore and the effects on economic welfare. The Bishan-AMK Park was initially constructed in the late 70 s as a drainage area for the avoidance of flooding incidents. In 2012, a pilot project was introduced to create a blue-green infrastructure (BGI) space for the provision of drainage and flood prevention but also for recreational and environmental improvement in the area. Yet, the benefits emerging from BGI are not well explored and still underestimated. To this extent, we evaluate selected services related to recreational, socio-cultural and tourism-related values by indicating the economic benefits from the introduction of BGI in condensed urban environments like Singapore. The findings indicate that the benefits deriving from the selected services could be within the range of US$100 million to US$220 million with a mean value of US$160 million per year by substantially contributing to human well-being. The assessment of environmental services can raise the awareness of residents and local authorities on the contribution of urban greenery to livelihoods and economic development in Singapore and similar densely populated areas.

Reconciling biodiversity conservation and flood risk reduction: The new strategy for freshwater protected areas

“…Also, floodplain ponds along the Ishikari River, Japan are slated for future use as floodwater retention ponds (unpublished information); the fragmented shapes of these ponds will serve as refugia from biological invasions for an endangered minnow (Ishiyama et al, 2020). The designers of Bishan‐Ang Mo Kio Park in Singapore, a well‐known urban park, used the blue‐green infrastructure approach to prevent flooding (by increasing retention capacity and reducing flow velocity) while also improving recreational function (Lim & Xenarios, 2021); as a result, the diversity of various taxa such as freshwater fishes, aquatic insects and birds have also increased within the park (Lim & Xenarios, 2021; Wilkinson et al, 2021). Thus, it is possible that a variety of river management plans could incidentally help biodiversity conservation.…”