Economic Benefits of Immunization for 10 Pathogens in 94 Low- and Middle-Income Countries From 2011 to 2030 Using Cost-of-Illness and Value-of-Statistical-Life Approaches

Watts, Elizabeth; Sim, So Yoon; Constenla, Dagna; Sriudomporn, Salin; Brenzel, Logan; Patenaude, Bryan

doi:10.1016/j.jval.2020.07.009

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In comparison, the VSL method converts individuals' willingness to pay for a small reduction in mortality to values of saving a statistical life, thereby capturing additional intangible costs (eg, pain fulness of diseases) that the COI method does not capture. 12 Therefore, COI is a conservative method adopted for resource allocation in healthcare programmes, whereas VSL is a commonly used measure to quantify the health cost in cost-benefit analyses for both environment and healthcare programmes that affect social wellbeing-eg, health cost of deaths attributable to PM 2•5 pollution. 13 Theoretical models and some empirical studies suggest that VSL and value of a statistical lifeyear (VSLY) might vary with age.…”

Section: Implications Of All the Available Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost

Yin

Bräuer

Zhang

et al. 2021

The Lancet Planetary Health

102

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Background The health impacts of ambient air pollution impose large costs on society. Although all people are exposed to air pollution, the older population (ie, those aged ≥60 years) tends to be disproportionally affected. As a result, there is growing concern about the health impacts of air pollution as many countries undergo rapid population ageing. We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient air pollution and its interaction with population ageing from 2000 to 2016 at global and regional levels. MethodsIn this global analysis, we developed an age-adjusted measure of the value of a statistical life-year (VSLY) to estimate the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM 2•5 pollution using Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 data and country-level socioeconomic information. First, we estimated the global age-specific and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) attributable to PM 2•5 pollution using the global exposure mortality model and global estimates of exposure at 0•1° × 0•1° (about 11 km × 11 km at the equator) resolution. Second, for each year between 2000 and 2016, we translated the YLLs within each age group into a healthrelated cost using a country-specific, age-adjusted measure of VSLY. Third, we decomposed the major driving factors that contributed to the temporal change in health costs related to PM 2•5 . Finally, we did a sensitivity test to analyse the variability of the estimated health costs to four alternative valuation measures. We identified the uncertainty intervals (UIs) from 1000 draws of the parameters and concentration-response functions by age, cause, country, and year. All economic values are reported in 2011 purchasing power parity-adjusted US dollars. All simulations were done with R, version 3.6.0. Findings Globally, in 2016, PM 2•5 was estimated to have caused 8•42 million (95% UI 6•50-10•52) attributable deaths, which was associated with 163•68 million (116•03-219•44) YLLs. In 2016, the global economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM 2•5 pollution for the older population was US$2•40 trillion (1•89-2•93) accounting for 59% (59-60) of the cost for the total population ($4•09 trillion [3•19-5•05]). The economic cost per capita for the older population was $2739 (2160-3345) in 2016, which was 10 times that of the younger population (ie, those aged <60 years). By assessing the factors that contributed to economic costs, we found that increases in these factors changed the total economic cost by 77% for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, 21% for population ageing, 16% for population growth, -41% for age-specific mortality, and -0•4% for PM 2•5 exposure.Interpretation The economic cost of ambient PM 2•5 borne by the older population almost doubled between 2000 and 2016, driven primarily by GDP growth, population ageing, and population growth. Compared with younger people, air pollution leads to disproportionately higher health costs among older people, even a...

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Section: Implications Of All the Available Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost

Yin

Bräuer

Zhang

et al. 2021

The Lancet Planetary Health

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Morbidity from COVID-19 and vaccine-preventable diseases may impact productivity loss, and it is unknown whether nonfatal cases of COVID-19 or vaccine-preventable diseases would be more costly. Prior studies on economic benefits of immunization suggest that costs of death comprise the majority of the economic burden of disease (Watts et al, 2021), which served the basis of this analysis. The scenario analysis that includes the cost of providing routine immunization during COVID-19 accounts for costs of implementing mitigation measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefit-Cost Ratios of Continuing Routine Immunization During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa

Watts

Mak

Patenaude

2022

J. Benefit Cost Anal.

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Disruptions in routine immunization caused by COVID-19 put African countries with large vaccine-preventable disease burdens at high risk of outbreaks. Abbas et al. (2020) showed that mortality reduction from resuming immunization outweighs excess mortality from COVID-19 caused by exposure during immunization activities. We leverage these estimates to calculate benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) of disrupted immunization and apply cost of illness (COI) and value of statistical life-year (VSLY) approaches to estimate the cost of excess child deaths from eight vaccine-preventable diseases. BCRs were computed for each country, vaccine, and Expanded Program on Immunization visit. Secondary estimates that include the cost of providing immunization are presented in scenario analysis. Suspended immunization may cost $4949 million due to excess mortality using the COI approach, or $34,344 million using the VSLY approach. Likewise, excess COVID-19 deaths caused by exposure from immunization activities would cost $53 and $275 million using the COI and VSLY approaches, respectively. BCRs of continuing routine immunization are 94:1 using COI and 125:1 using VSLY, indicating that the economic costs of suspending immunization exceed that of COVID-19 deaths risked by routine immunization. When including the costs of providing routine immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic, the BCRs are 38:1 and 97:1 using the COI and VSLY approaches, respectively.

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“…This method, nonetheless, may be overly restricted for a number of reasons. To begin with, the value of immunization must be assessed in light of the many ways by which vaccines prevent infections, such as providing herd immunity, selective targeting, interspecific effects, and many others ( Watts et al, 2021 , Banerjee et al, 2021 ). This is almost impossible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of vaccines in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria

Alghamdi

2021

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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Most pathogens have developed an intrinsic capacity to thrive by developing resistance to antimicrobial compounds utilized in treatment. Antimicrobial resistance arises when microbial agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites alter their behaviour to make current conventional medicines inefficient. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies to fight antimicrobial resistance. Vaccines, unlike drugs, are less likely to produce resistance since they are precise to their target illnesses. Vaccines against infectious agents such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae have already been shown to reduce tolerance to antimicrobial medications; however, vaccines against some antimicrobial-resistant pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, nosocomial infections, and pulmonary and diarrheal disease viruses require more research and development. This paper describes vaccine roles in combatting antimicrobial resistance, quantifies the overall advantages of vaccination as an anti-antimicrobial resistance approach, analyzes existing antimicrobial vaccines and those currently under development, and emphasizes some of the obstacles and prospects of vaccine research and development.

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Economic Benefits of Immunization for 10 Pathogens in 94 Low- and Middle-Income Countries From 2011 to 2030 Using Cost-of-Illness and Value-of-Statistical-Life Approaches

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost

Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost

Benefit-Cost Ratios of Continuing Routine Immunization During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa

The role of vaccines in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria

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