Economic Benefits of Switching From Intravenous to Subcutaneous Epoetin Alfa for the Management of Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract

Background: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents including epoetin alfa have been a mainstay of anemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although the standard practice has been to administer epoetin alfa to patients on hemodialysis (HD) intravenously (IV), subcutaneous (SQ) epoetin alfa is longer acting and achieve the same target hemoglobin level to be maintained at a reduced dose and cost. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine the economic benefits of change in route of epoetin alfa administration from IV to SQ in HD patients. The secondary objectives were (1) to determine the differences in epoetin alfa doses at the pre-switch (IV) and post-switch period (SQ) and (2) to determine serum hemoglobin concentration, transferrin saturation, ferritin level, IV iron dose and cost in relationship to route of epoetin alfa administration. Design: This retrospective observational study included patients who transitioned from IV to SQ epoetin alfa. Setting: Two HD sites in southern Saskatchewan (Regina General Hospital, and Wascana Dialysis Unit, Regina) and 2 sites in northern Saskatchewan (St. Paul’s [SPH] Hospital, and SPH Community Renal Health Center, Saskatoon). Patients: The study includes 215 patients who transitioned from IV to SQ and were alive at the end of 12-month follow-up period. Measurements: We calculated the dose and cost of different routes of epoetin alfa administration/patient month. Also, serum hemoglobin, markers of iron stores (transferrin saturation and ferritin), IV iron dose, and cost were determined in relation to route of epoetin alfa administration. Methods: Data were gathered from 6 months prior (IV) to 12 months after switching treatment to SQ. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare variables between pre-switch (IV) and post-switch (SQ) period. Results: The median cost (interquartile range) of epoetin alfa/patient-month decreased from (CAD508.3 [CAD349-CAD900.8]) pre-switch (IV) to (CAD381.2 [CAD247-CAD681]) post-switch (SQ) ( P < .001), a decrease of 25%. The median epoetin alfa dose/patient-month reduced from (38 500 [25 714.3-64 166.5] international unit) pre-switch to (26 750.3 [17 362.6-48 066] IU) post-switch ( P < .001), a decrease of 30.51%. The mean hemoglobin concentration (± standard deviation) for patients in both periods remained stable (103.3 ± 9.2 vs 104.3 ± 13.3 g/L, P = .34) and within the target range. There were no significant differences in transferrin saturation, ferritin, and IV iron dose and cost between the 2 study periods. Limitations: We were unable to consistently obtain information across all the sites on hospitalizations, inflammatory markers, nutritional status, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition, as our study sample was subject to survival bias, we cannot generalize our study results to other populations. Conclusions: We have shown that administering epoetin alfa SQ in HD patients led to a 30.51% reduction in dose and 25% reduction in cost while achieving equivalent hemoglobin levels. Given the cost sparing advantages without compromising care while achieving comparable hemoglobin levels, HD units should consider converting to SQ mode of administration. Trial registration: The study was not registered on a publicly accessible registry as it was a retrospective chart review and exempted from review by the Research Ethics Board of the former Regina Qu’Appelle Health Region.

Erythropoietin Administration for Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease - Subcutaneous OR Intravenous, What Do We Know So Far?

“…For non-HD patients, the SC route may be more generally convenient due to the lack of a continuous IV access, the ease of self administration, comparatively lower dosage, less frequent hospital visits, a reduced dosing frequency and ultimately reduced costs. Even in HD patients, the SC route has been tied to similar advantages and may therefore be more beneficial overall as compared to the IV route, despite the obvious convenience that an arteriovenous fistula confers to IV EPO administration [ 13 - 17 , 19 , 26 - 28 , 31 - 35 ]. This may be particularly beneficial in low-income countries where affordability and access to newer, longer acting ESAs may be difficult [ 40 ].…”