Economic Burden of the 2020 COVID-19 Hospitalizations in Spain

Río, Blanca Álvarez-Del; Prada, Laura Sánchez-de; Álvaro-Meca, Alejandro; Martín-Fernández, Marta; Álvarez, F. Javier; Tamayo, Eduardo; Gutiérrez-Abejón, Eduardo

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50960

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…A total of 14,742 patients were admitted with asymptomatic COVID-19 in Spanish hospitals ( Table 1 ) and 217,106 patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of COVID-19 ( 6 ). Asymptomatic cases represent 6.35% of all COVID-19 hospitalized patients in 2020.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have assessed the direct costs of symptomatic COVID-19 in different contexts ( 6 , 19 , 20 ). However, economic information on asymptomatic COVID-19 is scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, at the peak of the first wave of the pandemic, more than 13,000 beds were opened for ICU admissions, three times the pre-pandemic provision ( 5 ). Actually, it has been estimated that the economic health care burden of COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Spain was €1.23 billions in 2020 ( 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and cost of hospitalized patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 in Spain

Río

Prada

Álvaro-Meca

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionCOVID-19 transmission has been characterized by the presence of asymptomatic patients. Additionally, most studies evaluating costs focus on symptomatic COVID-19 cases.ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence, characteristics, and costs of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases at admission in Spanish hospitals in 2020.MethodsA nationwide study was performed, and data of hospitalized patients were collected of the Minimum Basic Data Set in Spain during 2020. Patients with COVID-19 codes as a primary and as a secondary diagnosis at admission were selected. Variables collected included age, sex, length of stay, in-hospital death, admission, length of stay and death in intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation and ventilatory assistance. COVID-19 related hospital costs were calculated using diagnosis-related groups from the Minimum Basic Data Set. Patients and costs were disaggregated by sex, age group, intensive care unit admission and epidemic wave (first or second) and main diagnosis.ResultsA total of 14,742 patients were admitted with asymptomatic COVID-19 in Spanish hospitals representing 6.35% of all COVID-19 admitted patients. The total cost of admissions with asymptomatic COVID-19 was €105,933,677.6 with a mean cost per patient of €7,185.8 with higher mean cost in the first wave despite only 2.7% of cases were found during that time. Based on primary diagnosis, the higher number of cases of asymptomatic COVID-19 were found in “Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium” followed by “diseases of the circulatory system”.ConclusionsThere was a high prevalence of asymptomatic cases during screening at admission process in Spanish hospitals in 2020. The highest number of cases was found among the group of “pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium” followed by “diseases of the circulatory system.” The higher costs might be due not only to the main pathology at admission but to the associated healthcare provisions needed in case of positive COVID-19 testing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have assessed the direct costs of symptomatic COVID-19 in different contexts ( 6 , 19 , 20 ). However, economic information on asymptomatic COVID-19 is scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prevalence and cost of hospitalized patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 in Spain

Río

Prada

Álvaro-Meca

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

Self Cite

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“…1 The pandemic has far-fetched consequences in terms of its indirect effects due to morbidity and mortality. 2 Economic burden associated with COVID-19 has been estimated across various countries around the globe, such as Africa, 42 China, 39 India, 10 Iran, 43 Russia, 44 Spain, 45 Switzerland, 46 USA 47 and Vienna. 48 As per US estimates, GDP loss associated with COVID-19 would amount to a cumulative US$1.4 trillion by 2030.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of non-health gross domestic product (NHGDP) loss due to COVID-19 deaths in West Bengal, India

Bhattacharya,

John,

Mukherjee

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesThe state of West Bengal witnessed a significant surge of COVID-19 in all three waves. However, there is a gap in understanding the economic loss associated with COVID-19. This study estimates future non-health gross domestic product (NHGDP) losses associated with COVID-19 deaths in West Bengal, India.SettingVarious open domains were used to gather data on COVID-19 deaths in West Bengal and the aforementioned estimates.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe NHGDP losses were evaluated using the cost-of-illness approach. Future NHGDP losses were discounted at 3%. Excess death estimates by the WHO and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) were used. Sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying discount rates and average age of death (AAD).Results21 532 deaths in West Bengal from 17 March 2020 to 31 December 2022 decreased the future NHGDP by $0.92 billion. Nearly 90% of loss was due to deaths occurring in the age group of 30 years and above. Majority of the NHGDP loss was borne by the 46–60 years age group. NHGDP loss/death was $55,171; however, the average loss/death declined with rise in age. Based on the GBD and WHO excess death estimates, the NHGDP loss increased to $9.38 billion and $9.42 billion, respectively. When the lower age interval is considered as AAD, the NHGDP loss increased to $1.3 billion. At 5% and 10% discount rates, the losses reduced to $0.767 billion and $0.549 billion, respectively.ConclusionsResults from the study suggest that COVID-19 contributed to a major economic loss in West Bengal. The mortality and morbidity caused by COVID-19, the substantial economic costs at individual and population levels in West Bengal, and probably across India and other countries, is another economic argument for better infection control strategies across the globe to minimise the impact of COVID-19.

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“…A French study reported cost per patient according to three levels of care: no or low-flow oxygen support (level 1: €3,989), non-invasive ventilation (level 2: €10,577), and mechanical ventilation (level 3: €21,133) (6). Another European study reported similar cost results although using different severity criteria: general hospitalization was €4,122.96 while intensive care unit (ICU) admission was €21,199.20 (7). In Latin America a Brazilian study reported a mean cost of US$7,394 for general hospitalization and US$12,179 for ICU admission (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct medical cost of COVID-19 in children hospitalized at a tertiary referral healthcare center in Mexico City

Reyes-López,

Jimenez-Juárez,

Salinas-Escudero

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionDespite the end of the COVID-19 pandemic being declared by the WHO, the economic consequences are far from over. One of these implications was the cost of inpatient care for health institutions. To date, some studies have examined the economic burden of COVID-19 in the adult population but only a few have focused on child populations.ObjectiveTo estimate the direct medical costs of COVID-19, focusing on children in Mexico.MethodData about resources consumed during hospital stays were extracted from the medical records of patients hospitalized at a Mexican tertiary healthcare institution. Other sources of information were the unit prices of inputs and the salaries of health personnel. A micro-costing methodology was used to obtain cost results by age group over different hospital areas. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics and regression models to evaluate the predictors of total cost.ResultsOne hundred and ten medical records were reviewed of which 57.3% corresponded to male patients and the mean age was 7.2 years old. The estimated average cost per patient was US$5,943 (95% CI: US$4,249–7,637). When the costs of the three clinical areas were summed, only the 5–10 years old group showed a maximum cost of US$14,000. The regression analysis revealed the following factors as significant: sex, age, staying at an emergency room, having a positive bacterial culture, and having comorbidities.DiscussionThe cost results were somewhat similar to those reported in children from the USA, but only regarding low severity COVID-19 cases. However, comparability between these types of studies should be done with caution due to the huge differences between the healthcare systems of countries. The study cost results may help public decision-makers in budget planning and as inputs for future cost-effectiveness studies about interventions regarding COVID-19.

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Economic Burden of the 2020 COVID-19 Hospitalizations in Spain

Abstract: This economic evaluation reports the total and per patient costs of inpatient care for COVID-19 in Spain in 2020.

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Prevalence and cost of hospitalized patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 in Spain

Prevalence and cost of hospitalized patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 in Spain

Estimation of non-health gross domestic product (NHGDP) loss due to COVID-19 deaths in West Bengal, India

Direct medical cost of COVID-19 in children hospitalized at a tertiary referral healthcare center in Mexico City

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