Since the twenty-first century, the Internet of Things technology has developed rapidly, and its impact on China’s economy and society is far-reaching, and its significance is also far-reaching. This makes more and more scholars start to pay attention to the related issues of the Internet of Things and economic development. The Internet of Things provides a superior information platform for various economic entities, enabling economic exchanges to transcend the boundaries of time and space. The IoT generates a lot of big data, and it is not easy to get valuable insights from the huge amount of data in various formats, ensuring that sensors are working properly and data is transmitted securely and processed efficiently. In order to study the role of the Internet of Things in promoting economic growth, clarify the status of the Internet of Things in the national economy and explore public management innovation as a change in actual social relations. This paper analyzes the application of the Internet of Things technology in public management. In order to deal with the massive multisource heterogeneous data involved in public management, this paper proposes a resource optimization scheduling algorithm for differentiated distributed storage systems and focuses on the analysis of China’s economic growth in recent years. Through experiments, it is found that from 2014 to 2020, China’s economy will continue to maintain rapid growth, with a GDP of 101,5986 billion yuan. Since 2014, the number and quality of R&D personnel in China have increased significantly. In 2020, due to the resumption of growth in corporate profits in the second half of the year, the cumulative decline in revenue will result in a decline in domestic value-added tax by 8.9% and corporate income tax by 2.4%.