Economic crisis and recovery: Changes in second birth rates within occupational classes and educational groups

The effect of education on second births in Hungary

“…In recent years, several studies have reported a positive relationship between education and the transition to second birth (Kreyenfeld 2002;Gerster et al 2007;Kravdal 2001Kravdal , 2007Klesment and Puur 2010;Billingsley 2011). This finding seems to contradict the economic theory of fertility since the shadow price of raising (high-quality) children as well as the foregone earnings from career interruptions should be higher for educated women (Becker and Lewis 1973;Mincer and Polachek 1974;Happel, Hill, and Low 1984;Montgomery and Trussel 1986;Taniguchi 1999;Jones, Schoonbroodt, and Tertilt 2008).…”

“…In recent years, several studies have examined the relationship between education and the transition to second births (Kreyenfeld 2002;Gerster et al 2007;Kravdal 2001;Klesment and Puur 2010;Mureşan and Hoem 2010;Billingsley 2011). In most of these studies, women's education was found to have a significant positive effect on the transition to second births.…”

Jobs, careers, and becoming a parent under state socialist and market conditions: Evidence from Estonia 1971-2006

“…We decided to limit the first time period to the 1970s-1980s in order to ensure greater homogeneity of state socialist context. 14 Observing differences by period rather than by cohorts is a standard approach in studies that have contrasted family and fertility behaviour in state socialism and the market economy, because it avoids the ambiguity of dividing cohorts who entered critical periods in the event under study around the time of the critical juncture (e.g., Kantorová 2004;Klesment and Puur 2010;Billingsley 2011). To explore our hypotheses and observe whether there are statistically significant differences in how work experience and career stage influence the timing of parenthood, we interact our work variables with time period, sex, and nativity status.…”

Economic Uncertainty and Fertility

“…This issue was initially raised in research on eastern Europe, where birth rates collapsed after the demise of the communist systems and the emergence of labor market uncertainty (Billingsley 2011;Sobotka et al 2011). Since the global financial crisis hit all of Europe starting in 2007, economic uncertainty has often been cited in explanations of birth dynamics in contemporary societies.…”