Economic difficulties and common mental disorders among Finnish and British white-collar employees: the contribution of social and behavioural factors

Laaksonen, Elina; Martikainen, Pekka; Lallukka, Tea; Lahelma, Eero; Ferrie, Jane E.; Rahkonen, Ossi; Marmot, Michael; Head, Jenny

doi:10.1136/jech.2008.077198

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In other words, the lack of attenuation produced by adjustment for baseline and follow-up income shows the importance of economic difficulties as risk factors for physical and mental health functioning across the socioeconomic spectrum separate from changes in income level. This confirms earlier studies showing that the associations of economic difficulties with other healthrelated outcomes remained after considering multiple socioeconomic circumstances (5,9,25). Previous evidence on changes in economic difficulties and health functioning is lacking.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…It is also possible that change in both economic difficulties and health functioning may be driven by unmeasured third factors, although adjustment for the two most likely candidates, income and employment status, had little effect on the associations observed. More scrutiny is thus needed to shed light on the reasons underlying the associations between changes in economic difficulties and poor physical and mental health shown in earlier studies (8,9) as well as the associations with poor physical and mental functioning in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Our earlier cross-sectional studies showed that economic difficulties are associated with physical functioning (8,24) and common mental disorders (9,10). We have also previously reported persistent economic difficulties to be associated with incident coronary events (25) and sleep problems (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Difficulties in affording adequate food or clothes and paying bills represent concrete measures of material socioeconomic circumstances (4). Accordingly, economic difficulties have been shown to be associated with health-related outcomes in many previous studies independent of conventional socioeconomic position such as occupational class, income, and education (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Moreover, economic difficulties can exist at all income levels with adverse health-related consequences (7,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in economic difficulties and physical and mental functioning: Evidence from British and Finnish employee cohorts

Lallukka¹,

Ferrie²,

Rahkonen³

et al. 2013

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in economic difficulties and physical and mental functioning: Evidence from British and Finnish employee cohorts

Lallukka¹,

Ferrie²,

Rahkonen³

et al. 2013

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…A systematic review DEBT AND HEALTH suggested that wealth is related to health, and the authors suggest this should be used as an indicator of SES (Pollack, et al, 2007). Financial difficulties such as being unable to pay the bills also appear to be related to mental health (Butterworth, Rodgers, & Windsor, 2009;Husain, Creed, & Tomenson, 2000;Elina Laaksonen, et al, 2007;E. Laaksonen, et al, 2009), and physical health variables such as smoking (Kendzor, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Richardson

Elliott

Roberts

2013

Clinical Psychology Review

355

278

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This paper systematically reviews the relationship between personal unsecured debt and health. Psychinfo, Embase and Medline were searched and 52 papers were accepted. A hand and citedby search produced an additional 13 references leading to 65 papers in total. Panel surveys, nationally representative epidemiological surveys and psychological autopsy studies have examined the relationship, as have studies on specific populations such as university students, debt management clients and older adults. Most studies examined relationships with mental health and depression in particular. Studies of physical health have also shown a relationship with self-rated health and outcomes such as obesity. There is also a strong relationship with suicide completion, and relationships with drug and alcohol abuse. The majority of studies found that more severe debt is related to worse health; however causality is hard to establish. A meta-analysis of pooled odds ratios showed a significant relationship between debt and mental disorder (OR=3.24), depression (OR=2.77), suicide completion (OR=7.9), suicide completion or attempt (OR=5.76), problem drinking (OR=2.68), drug dependence (OR=8.57), neurotic disorder (OR=3.21) and psychotic disorders (OR=4.03). There was no significant relationship with smoking (OR=1.35, p>.05). Future longitudinal research is needed to determine causality and establish potential mechanisms and mediators of the relationship.Dr Bellack, Please find attached a response to the reviewer's comments and an amended manuscript. We hope that these changes address the concerns raised, and the paper can now be accepted for -This relationship is especially strong for mental health in particular depression.-There are also relationships with substance use and suicide.-Research suffers from inconsistent use of standardised measures.-A lack of longitudinal studies makes it difficult to demonstrate causality. *Highlights (for review)We would like to thank the reviewer for their detailed comments. In relation to these we have made the following changes, which have all been marked in the main manuscript via track changes:-We have now clarified in the title, abstract, introduction, discussion and highlights that this examines personal unsecured debt specifically.-In the Method, Search Procedure we have changed "Classes" into "Classed" -In Appendix B (Characteristics of Panel Surveys) we have added "years" to 4-6. The formatting of the tables meant that some words were cut off: this has now been corrected for all the tables.-Page 17, fifth line of first paragraph, "self-related" has been changed to "self-rated." -Page 19, second paragraph, a new paragraph has been started after the line beginning "The advantage." -Page 20, first line of second paragraph, "somewhat unclear" has been changed to "unclear".-Page 21, second paragraph, the first line has been amended to specify about "personal, unsecured debt".-Page 5: more detail has been added to justify why studies on secured loans and mortgage debt were excluded.-Resul...

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Health and Economic Stress

Simoni

2014

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society

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Sociological literature has noted the impact of economic disparities and their connection to both physical and mental health. Sociologists employ a number of measures of socioeconomic status including income, education, occupational prestige, wealth, and debt. Chronic economic stress – including living in poverty or with very low socioeconomic status – may lead to decreased health and quality of life among members of society. Acute problems like residential precariousness, debt, and job loss are also associated with poor mental and physical health. As a discipline, sociology offers a number of theoretical explanations for the connection between economic stress and health.

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Economic difficulties and common mental disorders among Finnish and British white-collar employees: the contribution of social and behavioural factors

Cited by 42 publications

References 37 publications

Change in economic difficulties and physical and mental functioning: Evidence from British and Finnish employee cohorts

Change in economic difficulties and physical and mental functioning: Evidence from British and Finnish employee cohorts

The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Health and Economic Stress

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