Economic Feasibility for Recycling of Waste Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules

D’Adamo, Idiano; Miliacca, Michela; Rosa, Paolo

doi:10.1155/2017/4184676

Cited by 106 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…One possible optimal solution to stop their adverse influences on human life is using renewable energy sources, since they are green, clean, environment-friendly, and sustainable [3,4]. Global warming has pushed the whole energy sector towards low-carbon energy resources, and photovoltaic (PV) sources have a key role in this transition [5][6][7]. [15].…”

Section: Change In the Spread Of Photovoltaic (Pv) Technology In Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe

et al. 2018

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Solar energy has an increasing role in the global energy mix. The need for flexible storage photovoltaic systems and energy storage in electricity networks is becoming increasingly important as more generating capacity uses solar and wind energy. This paper is a study on the economic questions related to flexible storage photovoltaic systems of household size in 2018. The aim is to clarify whether it is possible in the European Union to achieve a payback of the costs of flexible storage photovoltaic system investments for residential customers considering the technology-specific storage aspects prevalent in 2018. We studied seven different flexible storage photovoltaic investments with different battery technologies in Germany, France, Italy, and Spain because, in Europe, these countries have a prominent role with regard to the spread of photovoltaic technology. These investment alternatives are studied with the help of economic indicators for the different cases of the selected countries. At the end of our paper we come to the conclusion that an investment of a flexible storage photovoltaic (PV) system with Olivine-type-LiFePO 4 , Lithium-Ion, Vented lead-acid battery (OPzS), Sealed lead-acid battery (OPzV), and Aqueous Hybrid Ion (AHI) batteries can have a positive net present value due to the high electricity prices in Germany and in Spain. The most cost-effective technology was the Olivine-type-LiFePO 4 and the Lithium-Ion at the time of the study. We suggest the provision of governmental support and uniform European modifications to the regulatory framework, especially concerning grid fees and tariffs, which would be necessary in the beginning to help to introduce these flexible storage PV systems to the market.

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Section: Change In the Spread Of Photovoltaic (Pv) Technology In Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe

et al. 2018

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“…On the pathway towards a low-carbon future, the use of renewable energies will undoubtedly have a key role [3,4]. Variable renewable energy (VRE) sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) energy, may serve as a remedy in order to mitigate the adverse effect of the above factors, given their sustainable, clean, and ecofriendly nature [5][6][7]. Current ambitions targeting the reduction of GHG-emissions attribute a growing importance to the electricity sector alongside a more distributed generation (DG).…”

Section: Changes In the Spread Of Photovoltaic And Wind Energy Technomentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources: The Role of Energy Storage in the European Power System of 2040

et al. 2019

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Global electricity demand is constantly growing, making the utilization of solar and wind energy sources, which also reduces negative environmental effects, more and more important. These variable energy sources have an increasing role in the global energy mix, including generating capacity. Therefore, the need for energy storage in electricity networks is becoming increasingly important. This paper presents the challenges of European variable renewable energy integration in terms of the power capacity and energy capacity of stationary storage technologies. In this research, the sustainable transition, distributed generation, and global climate action scenarios of the European Network of Transmission System Operators for 2040 were examined. The article introduces and explains the feasibility of the European variable renewable energy electricity generation targets and the theoretical maximum related to the 2040 scenarios. It also explains the determination of the storage fractions and power capacity in a new context. The aim is to clarify whether it is possible to achieve the European variable renewable energy integration targets considering the technology-specific storage aspects. According to the results, energy storage market developments and regulations which motivate the increased use of stationary energy storage systems are of great importance for a successful European solar and wind energy integration. The paper also proves that not only the energy capacity but also the power capacity of storage systems is a key factor for the effective integration of variable renewable energy sources.technologies will be key drivers in paving the way towards sustainability and energy conservation. However, today the integration of VRE sources poses a challenge to be addressed for the successful decentralization of the electricity network. From the point of view of power quality, PV and wind energy have some disadvantages. The intermittent nature of VRE sources and distributed generation remain a challenge to grid operators when scheduling power generation. On the other hand, distributed energy generation may enhance the further spread of smart grids and micro grids and, therefore, ensure a greater share of clean energy in the energy mix [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].PV and wind technologies play a key role in the shift towards green growth, a low-carbon economy, and a greater share of renewables in the energy mix [15]. In the last decade, support schemes such as the feed-in-tariff system, the declining initial capital expenditure due to the boost in innovation, and technology have proved to be essential factors that underpin this phenomenon [16][17][18]. Statistics show a considerable growth of PV and wind energy globally; 7.5% of the total 26.5% share of renewables in electricity generation was produced by VRE installations in 2017. In the same year, the global built-in PV and wind capacity amounted to 941 GW (Figure 1). The key players of the PV electricity market were China (131.1 GW), followed by the EU (108 GW), the USA ...

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“…One test module (no. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], which showed a cell crack in the EL image (Figure 3c), supplied UVfluorescence images upon DH storage, as shown in Figure 4. In addition to the fluorescence formed with increasing storage time above the backsheet and the rims of the cells, fluorescence was also observed above the cell crack making it detectable for the observer.…”

Section: Test Modules With Cell Cracks/micro-cracksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are still some hurdles to overcome to strengthen the role of PV systems in a global electricity market [2,3] and to let PV develop into a technology which can contribute to the obtainment of local and global sustainable goals [4,5]. The growing PV production rates suggest that new sectors like PV recycling will be essential in the world's transition to a sustainable, economically viable and increasingly renewables-based energy future (as described in detail in the joined International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)/International Energy Agency (IEA) Photovoltaic Power Systems (PVPS) report on End-of-Life Management of PV panels [4]), [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Induced by the enhanced competition in the PV market over the last decade, the PV industry has experienced tremendous pressure to reduce production costs. At the same time, there is high demand for improving the module's efficiency, reliability and long-term performance [7,8] as well as its sustainability [4][5][6]. In order to be competitive in the market, a warranty of operational lifetimes of 25+ years at a maximum total yield loss of 20% has to be granted [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-Destructive Failure Detection and Visualization of Artificially and Naturally Aged PV Modules

et al. 2018

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Several series of six-cell photovoltaic test-modules-intact and with deliberately generated failures (micro-cracks, cell cracks, glass breakage and connection defects)-were artificially and naturally aged. They were exposed to various stress conditions (temperature, humidity and irradiation) in different climate chambers in order to identify (i) the stress-induced effects; (ii) the potential propagation of the failures and (iii) their influence on the performance. For comparison, one set of test-modules was also aged in an outdoor test site. All photovoltaic (PV) modules were thoroughly electrically characterized by electroluminescence and performance measurements before and after the accelerated ageing and the outdoor test. In addition, the formation of fluorescence effects in the encapsulation of the test modules in the course of the accelerated ageing tests was followed over time using UV-fluorescence imaging measurements. It was found that the performance of PV test modules with mechanical module failures was rather unaffected upon storage under various stress conditions. However, numerous micro-cracks led to a higher rate of degradation. The polymeric encapsulate of the PV modules showed the build-up of distinctive fluorescence effects with increasing lifetime as the encapsulant material degraded under the influence of climatic stress factors (mainly irradiation by sunlight and elevated temperature) by forming fluorophores. The induction period for the fluorescence effects of the polymeric encapsulant to be detectable was~1 year of outdoor weathering (in middle Europe) and 300 h of artificial irradiation (with 1000 W/m 2 artificial sunlight 300-2500 nm). In the presence of irradiation, oxygen-which permeated into the module through the polymeric backsheet-bleached the fluorescence of the encapsulant top layer between the cells, above cell cracks and micro-cracks. Thus, UV-F imaging is a perfect tool for on-site detection of module failures connected with a mechanical rupture of solar cells.

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Economic Feasibility for Recycling of Waste Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules

Cited by 106 publications

References 27 publications

Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe

Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe

Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources: The Role of Energy Storage in the European Power System of 2040

Non-Destructive Failure Detection and Visualization of Artificially and Naturally Aged PV Modules

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