“…As Earth's biocapacity approaches its limits, and with climate policies and regulations on carbon emissions tightening globally (Berawi, 2020), coupled with the volatility in prices and demand for fossil resources, it becomes crucial to transition from a linear to a circular model of production and consumption in industrial ecosystems (Khaykin and Babkin, 2022). Numerous studies have considered circularity in industrial ecosystems at different levels (Krmela, Šimberová, and Babiča, 2022;Ilyina, 2022;Kulibanova et al, 2022;Shkarupeta and Ilyina, 2022), proposing approaches to assessing circularity (Khan et al, 2023;Kuzior, Arefiev, and Poberezhna, 2023;The Circularity Gap Report, 2022;Vinante et al, 2021;Bogdanovich-Irina, Kistaeva-Natalia, and Egorova-Svetlana, 2020;Mayer et al, and its Application in NLMK Group 2019; Haas et al, 2015) and circular maturity (Uztürk and Büyüközkan, 2022), as well as analyzing mechanisms of transition from linear economy to closed-loop economy (Pichlak and Szromek, 2022;Doszhan et al, 2022;Gileva and Shkarupeta, 2022;Surovitskaya, 2021;Umarova, 2021;Liu and Stephens, 2019).…”