Economic impact of applying high strength steels in hydrogen gas pipelines

Fekete, James R.; Sowards, Jeffrey W.; Amaro, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.090

Cited by 82 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Therefore, higher-strength pipeline steels, such as X70, can be used with the same safety and reliability as X52 for hydrogen transport applications, which will allow for cost savings. The cost savings can be realized because the difference between X52 and X70 steels comes predominantly from processing, rather than chemistry, and the increased strength of X70 yields thinner pipe wall thicknesses and less tonnage of steel [15][16][17]37].…”

Section: Fatigue Tests In Hydrogen Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue Measurement of Pipeline Steels for the Application of Transporting Gaseous Hydrogen1

Slifka

Drexler

Amaro

et al. 2017

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology

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A comprehensive testing program to determine the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of pipeline steels in pressurized hydrogen gas was completed. Four steels were selected, two X52 and two X70 alloys. Other variables included hydrogen gas pressures of 5.5 MPa and 34 MPa, a load ratio, R, of 0.5, and cyclic loading frequencies of 1 Hz, 0.1 Hz, and 0.01 Hz. Of particular interest was whether the X70 materials would exhibit higher FCGRs than the X52 materials. The American Petroleum Institute steel designations are based on specified minimum yield strength (SMYS), and monotonic tensile tests have historically shown that loss of ductility correlates with an increase in yield strength when tested in a hydrogen environment. The X70 materials performed within the experimental spread of the X52 materials in FCGR, except for the vintage X52 material at low (5.5 MPa) pressure in hydrogen gas. This program was developed in order to provide a modification to the ASME B31.12 code that is based upon fatigue, the primary failure mechanism in pipelines. The code modification is a three-part Paris law fit of the upper bound of measurements of FCGR of pipeline steels in pressurized hydrogen gas. Fatigue crack growth data up to 21 MPa (3000 psi) are used for the upper bound. This paper describes, in detail, the testing that formed the basis for the code modification.

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Section: Fatigue Tests In Hydrogen Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue Measurement of Pipeline Steels for the Application of Transporting Gaseous Hydrogen1

Slifka

Drexler

Amaro

et al. 2017

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology

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“…The change in thermodynamic conditions with an increased hydrogen content may also affect the natural gas transmission system (i.e., gas compression stations or gas reduction stations). Another important issue is selection of the material for pipeline construction in light of the hydrogen corrosion case [42], which affects the cost of its construction [20,43].…”

Section: Methane-hydrogen Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic and Technical Issues of Hydrogen and Methane-Hydrogen Mixtures Pipeline Transmission

et al. 2019

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The use of hydrogen as a non-emission energy carrier is important for the innovative development of the power-generation industry. Transmission pipelines are the most efficient and economic method of transporting large quantities of hydrogen in a number of variants. A comprehensive hydraulic analysis of hydrogen transmission at a mass flow rate of 0.3 to 3.0 kg/s (volume flow rates from 12,000 Nm3/h to 120,000 Nm3/h) was performed. The methodology was based on flow simulation in a pipeline for assumed boundary conditions as well as modeling of fluid thermodynamic parameters for pure hydrogen and its mixtures with methane. The assumed outlet pressure was 24 bar (g). The pipeline diameter and required inlet pressure were calculated for these parameters. The change in temperature was analyzed as a function of the pipeline length for a given real heat transfer model; the assumed temperatures were 5 and 25 °C. The impact of hydrogen on natural gas transmission is another important issue. The performed analysis revealed that the maximum participation of hydrogen in natural gas should not exceed 15%–20%, or it has a negative impact on natural gas quality. In the case of a mixture of 85% methane and 15% hydrogen, the required outlet pressure is 10% lower than for pure methane. The obtained results present various possibilities of pipeline transmission of hydrogen at large distances. Moreover, the changes in basic thermodynamic parameters have been presented as a function of pipeline length for the adopted assumptions.

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“…The recent HA-FCG results produced by the two laboratories indicate that the design penalty placed upon higher strength steels is overly conservative and without justification. Studies have shown that allowing pipeline steels with a SMYS of up to 480 MPa (70 ksi) without penalty could reduce material and installation costs by approximately 25% [11]. As a result, the forthcoming version of the ASME B31.12 code will remove the design penalties on materials with a SMYS between 360 MPa and 480 MPa (52 ksi and 70 ksi).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Model for Hydrogen-Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth of Pipeline Steel1

Amaro

White

Looney

et al. 2018

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology

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Hydrogen has been proposed as a potential partial solution to the need for a clean-energy economy. In order to make this a reality, large-scale hydrogen transportation networks need to be engineered and installed. Steel pipelines are the most likely candidate for the required hydrogen transportation network. One historical barrier to the use of steel pipelines to transport hydrogen was a lack of experimental data and models pertaining to the fatigue response of steels in gaseous hydrogen. Extensive research at NIST has been performed in conjunction with the ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipeline committee to fill this need. After a large number of fatigue crack growth (FCG) tests were performed in gaseous hydrogen, a phenomenological model was created to correlate the applied loading conditions, geometry, and hydrogen pressure to the resultant hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth (HA-FCG) response of the steels. As a result of this extensive data set, and a simplification of the above-mentioned phenomenological model, the ASME B31.12 code was modified to enable the use of higher strength steels without penalty, thereby resulting in the potential for considerable installation cost savings. This paper details the modeling effort that led to the code change.

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Economic impact of applying high strength steels in hydrogen gas pipelines

Cited by 82 publications

References 8 publications

Fatigue Measurement of Pipeline Steels for the Application of Transporting Gaseous Hydrogen1

Fatigue Measurement of Pipeline Steels for the Application of Transporting Gaseous Hydrogen1

Thermodynamic and Technical Issues of Hydrogen and Methane-Hydrogen Mixtures Pipeline Transmission

Development of a Model for Hydrogen-Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth of Pipeline Steel1

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