Economic instability and household chaos relate to cortisol for children in poverty.

Brown, Eleanor D.; Anderson, Kate E.; Garnett, Mallory; Hill, Erin M.

doi:10.1037/fam0000545

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Direct impacts on children include distraction and attention‐interference, which impede development of children's executive functioning and self‐regulatory skills (Vernon‐Feagans et al, 2016 ) as well as academic skills like reading (Johnson et al, 2008 ; Martin et al, 2012 ; Petrill et al, 2004 ). Household chaos—exacerbated by economic adversity—has also been associated with physiological measures of child stress (Brown et al, 2019 ). Indirectly, the overstimulating and unpredictable nature of chaotic households may be less conducive to the kind of predictable and responsive parent–child interactions that promote positive child development (Hughes et al, 2014 ; Vernon‐Feagans et al, 2016 ; Zvara et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence and predictors of household chaos during the COVID‐19 pandemic have not been documented, and past studies on the impacts of natural or economic disasters, which typically lack predisaster data, provide little guidance to identify which families may be at greatest risk for disruptions to functioning and well‐being due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. During nonpandemic times, household chaos is associated with family low‐income status (Brown et al, 2019 ; Evans et al, 2010 ) and related demographic factors such as low maternal education, single‐parent status, and nonstandard work hours (Johnson et al, 2008 ; Valiente et al, 2007 ; Vernon‐Feagans et al, 2016 ). Yet these relations give little insight into the specific causal mechanisms responsible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chaos during the COVID‐19 outbreak: Predictors of household chaos among low‐income families during a pandemic

Johnson

Martin²,

Castle

2021

Family Relations

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Objective The objective of this study was to explore whether household chaos measured during the COVID‐19 pandemic is predicted by prepandemic parental and household characteristics. Background The COVID‐19 pandemic has dramatically altered children's home environments and routines due to stay‐at‐home orders, school closures, and economic shocks. These disruptions have been especially challenging for low‐income families who have limited resources and have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Household chaos, which captures routines, organization, stability, noise, and crowding in the home, is a documented threat to parent functioning and positive child development. The pandemic has likely exacerbated household chaos, especially for low‐income families. Method Data come from a larger, ongoing study of low‐income children and their parents in Tulsa, OK; this analysis relies on data from the subset of low‐income parents who responded to surveys when their children were in kindergarten (in 2018–2019) and during the pandemic, when their children were in first grade ( n = 335). We use multivariate ordinary least squares regression models to test whether household chaos measured during the pandemic is predicted by prepandemic parental and household characteristics. Results Prepandemic parental depression and household chaos were significantly predictive of chaos during the pandemic, even after accounting for household demographics. Implications The current study highlights pandemic‐induced elevations in parental distress and household chaos among low‐income families. Results will provide valuable direction to policymakers, educators, and parents on how best to offset negative impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on family functioning and child development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chaos during the COVID‐19 outbreak: Predictors of household chaos among low‐income families during a pandemic

Johnson

Martin²,

Castle

2021

Family Relations

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“…Findings from the present study support the notion that individual differences in biological stress responses, in this case blunted morning cortisol production, may be important to consider when attempting to model children's emotional responses to external stressors. This may be particularly relevant for children who may have experienced poverty-associated adversity and thus may have more disrupted stress biology patterns (Brown et al, 2019;Zalewski et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Family routines may help to mitigate the effects of chronic stress by establishing predictability and structure within the environment (Larsen & Jordan, 2020). Indeed, multiple research teams have identified associations between household chaos and child HPA axis functioning (e.g., Brown et al, 2019;Doom et al, 2018;Tarullo et al, 2020). For example, experiencing more household chaos during preschool has been found to predict a more blunted diurnal cortisol slope during middle childhood (Doom et al, 2018;Larsen & Jordan, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol in early childhood moderates the association between family routines and observed affective balance in children from low‐income backgrounds

Riley

Sturza

et al. 2021

Developmental Psychobiology

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The study of emotion regulation often addresses control of negative emotion. Researchers have proposed that affective balance is an indicator of emotion regulation that incorporates the role of positive emotion in the context of negative emotional experiences. Environmental and individual factors, such as family processes and biological stress regulation, are known to shape emotion regulation. The present study investigated whether child diurnal cortisol, an indicator of biological stress regulation, moderated the association between family routines and observed affective balance. Children (N = 222; M age = 4.70 years, SD = 0.60) from low-income households provided saliva samples to measure diurnal cortisol and completed a behavioral task designed to elicit negative emotions. Affective balance was defined as the difference score between the proportion of positive and negative emotional expressions displayed during the task. A higher affective balance score indicated greater positive compared with negative emotional displays. Simple slope analyses indicated that for children with a low morning cortisol intercept, more frequent family routines were associated with more affective balance. This pattern was not observed in children with average or high morning cortisol. Positive family routines may play an important role in shaping affective balance among children with disrupted cortisol levels from lowincome backgrounds.

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“…For example, emerging adults were significantly more likely to contract the COVID-19 virus than was initially anticipated [1], with weekly COVID-19 cases among persons aged 18-22 years increased 55% nationally from August to September 2020 [2]. Further, emerging adults often delayed or avoided accessing routine and emergency healthcare services [3] and struggled with adhering to preventative health guidelines [4][5][6]. As a result, now more than ever, emerging adults are an at-risk population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Experiences and Challenges of Emerging Adults in College During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Hotez¹,

Gragnani²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Emerging adulthood (ages 18-30 years) coincides with "aging out" of pediatric care. As a result, combined internal medicine and pediatrics (Med-Peds) providers are tasked with promoting the health and well-being of this population during and post-coronavirus disease 2019 . In order to inform the response efforts, we aimed to capture emerging adults' COVID-19 experiences and challenges during a two-week period of the pandemic in June 2020. We administered items from the California Health Interview Survey and an open-ended qualitative item via Qualtrics to 242 diverse emerging adults enrolled in a large US public university (mean age = 20.10, SD = 1.26). More than 90% of all students reported that they or their families or close friends experienced difficulties coping with the stressors and challenges presented by COVID-19. Almost half experienced financial difficulties and more than three-fourths experienced household disruptions during the pandemic. Qualitative findings underscored that these challenges were compounded by mental health and broader social issues. Recommendations for Med-Peds providers are provided to promote emerging adulthood health during and post-pandemic.

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Economic instability and household chaos relate to cortisol for children in poverty.

Cited by 28 publications

References 56 publications

Chaos during the COVID‐19 outbreak: Predictors of household chaos among low‐income families during a pandemic

Chaos during the COVID‐19 outbreak: Predictors of household chaos among low‐income families during a pandemic

Cortisol in early childhood moderates the association between family routines and observed affective balance in children from low‐income backgrounds

Capturing the Experiences and Challenges of Emerging Adults in College During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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