Economic Integration among Developed, Developing and Centrally Planned Economies: A Comparative Analysis

A Gravity Model with Variable Coefficients: The EEC Trade with Third Countries

“…Linder's (1961) hypothesis that the trade of manufactured goods is inversely related to the difference in the income per capita of the trading nations was linked to the gravity models by Thursby and Thursby (1987). The ravity model has been also used to estimate the growth in trade associatef with economic integration (Brada and MBndez 1985) and the trade "loss" due to "economic systems" (Havrylyshyn and Pritchett 1991; Hamilton and Winters 1992).…”

The Design of the Romanian Wine Imports and Exports Using the Gravity Model Approach

“…-Panel data are strongly recommended mainly for highly volatile products, such as wine (Koo et al, 1994); -The estimations obtained using the panel data are more robust comparing to the ones using OLS (Koutsoyiannis, 1977); -The efficiency of the estimations obtained using panel data is better due to the reductions of the colinearity issues (Hsiao, 1986). The equations used in the model are: lnEt = a0t+ a1t · ln GDPPCt+ a2t · ln Dt+ a3t · ln Exratest+ a4t · ln UnitprEt+ a5t · ln Prodt+ a6t · EU+ a7t · Schengen+ a8t · Rel_dummy+ et and lnIt = a0t+ a1t · ln GDPPCt+ a2t · ln Dt+ a3t · ln Exratest+ a4t · ln UnitprEt+ a5t · ln Prodt+ a6t · EU+ a7t · Schengen+ a8t · Rel_dummy+ et where -Et is either EXTt=real export or EXPORTt= the export corrected using the Tobit estimator -It same as above but for import -Dt is either Dist (distance) or Distcom (isolation) -et captures the error -t is the year, from 2004 to 2015 -GDP was used as a measure for the size of an economy by many authors : Brada & Mendez (1985), McCallum (1995), Bergstrand (1989), because for the exporter countries GDP represents the production potential, while for the importer countries represents the purchasing power. GDP has a positive influence on trade flows, because a greater production potential leads to many products available for export and a greater purchase power leads to many opportunities for imports (Koo et al, 1994).…”

Rather Yields than Rights: The influence of economic integration on the consolidation of autocratic regimes

“…De Benedictis and Tajoli (2011) show that being a member of the WTO makes a state more integrated into the international economy than non-member states. The situation is similar for free trade agreements (FTAs), the arrangement which leads, according to many researchers, to a growth in trade (Baier and Bergstrand 2007;Brada and Méndez 1985) is perhaps the most basic component of economic integration. FDIs as a tool for developing countries to upgrade their respective export structures can also be mentioned in line with economic integration (Harding and Javorcik 2011).…”