The role of inland water transport in the country's economy is determined by the special significance of the functions it performs. Despite the insufficient indicators of transport work, river transport plays an important role in providing for those regions of Russia where the density of railways and roads is low or overloaded, and the waterway network is developed. The study identified the main factors affecting the volume of inland waterway transport. The advantages of using water transport and the main problematic issues in its modern development are indicated. The types of river vessels used in passenger traffic in the Samara region, the state of the existing infrastructure and the degree of development of the route network are analyzed. The possibility of introducing new types of vessels is considered, proposals are made to adjust the existing schedule of movement. An economic assessment of the results of the production activities of the existing and proposed fleet of inland water transport has been carried out. An assessment was made of the prospects for the payback of the investment project for the renewal of the regional fleet of inland waterway transport vessels. The materials of this article can be used in the process of developing and implementing regional programs for the development of river transport, as well as in the educational process in educational institutions when training specialists for the transport complex.