Acute lymphoblastic leukemia x Non-relapse mortality ABSTRACT Purpose. From a global perspective, the rates of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) are closely related to the economic status of a country. However, a potential association withoutcome hasnot yet been documented.The goal ofthis study was to evaluate effects of health care expenditure (HCE), Human Development Index (HDI),team density, and center experience on nonrelapsemortality(NRM)afterHLA-matchedsiblingalloHCTfor adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Patients and Methods. A total of 983 patients treated with myeloablative alloHCT between 2004 and 2008 in 24 European countries were included. Results. In a univariate analysis, the probability of day 100 NRM was increased for countries with lower current HCE (8% vs. 3%; p 5 .06), countries with lower HDI (8% vs. 3%; p 5 .02), and centers with less experience (8% vs. 5%; p 5 .04). In addition, the overall NRM was increased for countries with lower current HCE (21% vs. 17%; p 5 .09) and HDI (21% vs. 16%; p 5 .03) and for centers with loweractivity (21% vs. 16%;p 5 .07). In a multivariate analysis,the strongest predictive model for day 100 NRM included current HCE greater than the median (hazard ratio [HR], 0.39; p 5 .002).The overall NRM was mostly predicted by HDI greater than the median (HR, 0.65; p 5 .01). Both lower current HCE and HDI were associated with decreased probability of overall survival. Conclusion. Both macroeconomic factors and the socioeconomic status of a country strongly influence NRM after alloHCT for adults with ALL. Our findings should be considered when clinical studies in the field of alloHCT are interpreted. The Oncologist 2016;21:377-383 Implications for Practice: Results of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) and other advanced oncological procedures may vary among countries and be related to various economic factors.This study, which included a homogenous population of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, demonstrated significant associations of health care expenditure and the Human Development Index with nonrelapse mortality and overall survival after transplantation.The findings should be taken into account when clinical studies in the field of alloHCT are interpreted. The study should be followed by further investigation in other fields of oncology.