Economy Trials of a Non-Condensing Steam-Engine: Simple, Compound and Triple. (Including Tables and Plate at Back of Volume)

Abstract

Trrr: trials about t o be described have been nude by the Author lrith one of his central-valve enb' mines. They were planned to determine certain points in connection >$-it11 its economical performance at various speeds and with various steam-pressures; also to obtain figures for comparison with the 1.esults gathered from other types of steam-engine. In the course of the first few trials, many questions arose in connection with initial condensation in the cylinders ; ancl in order, i f possible, to learn something of the effect of surface, range of temperature, ancl speed of rotat,ion in increasing or diminishing this condensation, the original group of trials has been added to considerably. Subsequent trials will include condensing as well as non-condensing tests, trials on the brake, and trials in Connection with the dynamo-111acllincs for driving which the central-valve engine has been used. This Paper deals with the non-condensing trials, and includes trials of the same engine as a simple, a compound, and a tripleexpansive engine. These have been made with steam-pressures varying from 40 lbs. to 170 lbs. per square inch, and at fro111 110 to 420 revolutions per nlinute. The Author is not aware of any trustworthy experiments having been previously made with engines running at so high a speed. The trials at high steam-pressures have also, so far as he knows, been few and isolated. His aim was to show, with some approach t o accuracy, t,he effect of varying steam-pressures and varying ratios of expansion.

Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicle Lightweighting: Novel Mathematical Methods to Estimate Use-Phase Fuel Consumption

“…Hence, F f and F l are system inefficiencies. Theoretical and empirical studies show that for a given engine speed, F f is approximately constant and independent of changes in engine output work. − ,, As seen in SI Figure S1, F l is more than an order of magnitude smaller than F f . For convenience we combine F l and F f into one term F F , overall friction losses ( F F = F f + F l ) and assume that F F is independent of engine output work.…”

“…The dependence of fuel consumption (L/km) on vehicle mass can be represented by the Willans line, a classical model of fuel consumption versus power output first developed for steam engines. We present LCA cases for vehicle lightweighting covering combinations of total vehicle or component either with, or without, powertrain resizing.…”

Optimisation of the Operation of an Industrial Power Plant under Steam Demand Uncertainty

“…The production of the electric power in the turbines is modelled based on the so-called Willan's lines [38]. These are linear equations which relate the electric power output to the mass flow of steam.…”

A Decomposition Scheme for Integration of Production Scheduling and Control: Demand Response to Varying Electricity Prices

“…As shown in Figure , the relationship between energy load ( W h ) and production rate ( F h ) can be expressed by a linear relationship where α and β are constant parameters. The formulation of eq is motivated by the so-called Willan’s line, which is applicable for modeling power output of turbines. − …”