Ecopharmacovigilance: An issue urgently to be addressed

Medhi, Bikash; Sewal, Rakesh K.

doi:10.4103/0253-7613.100363

Cited by 38 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…22 Not only the drugs but also the excipients used in the formulations affect the environment. 23 In a study carried out by Cantrell et al they measured the amounts of active ingredients in the medications which had expired 2840 years ago, 12 of the 14 active ingredients persisted in concentrations that were 90% or greater of the amount indicated on the label and retained their full potency for 336 months or longer. 24 A study carried out by Ramaswamy et al showed that high levels of carbamazepine and triclosan were found in surface waters of Kaveri, Tamiraparani and Vellar rivers of Kerala.…”

Section: Impact Of Improper Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical Waste Management An Overview

Kadam¹,

Patil²,

Patil³

et al. 2016

IJOPP

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Introduction: Medication disposal is an alarming issue today and gaining more and more awareness from the healthcare professionals as well as consumers. Pharmacists have the potential to be on the forefront of this movement as a healthcare professionals and pharmacists are in an admirable position to educate patients about safe drug disposal. Proper patient counselling on safe medication disposal can make a significant difference to public health and the environment. The knowledge on method of disposal of unused medicines is equally important as that of consumption of medicines. Objective: This article aims to provide a background, the importance and significance of proper medication disposal, describe the correct methods to dispose of unwanted and expired medications. Method: The information about methods of proper disposal as well as consequence of improper disposal was collected by extensive literature survey of all available resources. Conclusion: Till date, researchers have acknowledged many human and veterinary pharmaceutical compounds at serious concentrations in drinking water resources and they are a major contributor to environmental pollution. Emphasis is also given on pharmacist role in proper disposal of unwanted and expired medicine makes a significant impact on the environment as well as it prevents accident, poisoning and intentional violence. So it will lead to the welfare of society and trudge towards goal of 2020 health for all.

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Section: Impact Of Improper Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical Waste Management An Overview

Kadam¹,

Patil²,

Patil³

et al. 2016

IJOPP

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“…12 Many pharmaceutical chemicals are nondegradable to resist the acid environment in the stomach or long-lasting, thus present a special risk when they enter, persist, and disseminate in the environment including water supplies and the food chain leading to an unwitting re-entry of drugs into humans. 1,3,13 Excretion dominates the global input of medicines into the environment and are a much more difficult source to control. 14 …”

Section: Excretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Continuous exposure to low dose of antimicrobials through drinking water may bring resistance. 1 Decreasing interest of pharmaceutical companies in development of new antimicrobials in favour of developing "lifestyle" drugs may add on to the problem. 22 …”

Section: Microbial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drugs have been a blessing for the mankind in curing the ailments although not completely but to a great length. 1 Along with advantageous effects they also impart some adverse reactions sooner or later. 2 In recent decades there is expeditious development of global pharmaceutical industry and with that an increase in consumption of pharmaceutical products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental pharmacology: an emerging science

Deshkar¹,

Gawali²,

Shirure³

2018

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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With continuous rapid expansion of the human population there is escalating demand for resources, including human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. This has lead to rapid development of global pharmaceutical industry and with that increase in issues caused by pharmaceutical products. In recent years a great concern has been expressed over the occurrence and persistence of pharmaceutical products in the environment and their potential impact on environment. Owing to this the new branch of science called environmental pharmacology has sprouted. Environmental pharmacology deals with dispersion and impact of pharmaceutical products on environment. Solutions need to be suggested to save this only liveable planet from ill effects of these pharmaceutical products. This has given birth to the science of Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV).

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“…Products of concern include both prescription and over-the-counter medications. [1][2][3][4][5]  Patient excretion of the drug or its metabolites via the sewage system  Inappropriate disposal practices, such as flushing unused or expired drugs down toilets and sinks and discarding them in household waste, are common and often a significant contributor of pharmaceuticals present in wastewater and other environmental media  Direct release from waste water system from manufacturing units as most pharmaceuticals enter the water cycle through wastewater discharges or from poorly controlled manufacturing or production facilities  Terrestrial deposition for examples via sludge application to land, leaching from Solid waste landfills or irrigation with treated or untreated waste water. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]  Ciprofloxacin levels found to be at 28-31mg/L in Patancheru (Hyderabad, India)  Carbamazepine (28.3 µg/L) found in the Kaveri river near Tiruchirapalli (India)  Prozac in the Thames (UK)  Cocaine in the Po river (Italy)  Antidepressants, antiepileptic and statins in Niagara river and Ontario lake (Canada)  Traces of prescription heart medications and caffeine have even found their way into Atlantic Ocean.…”

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confidence: 99%