“…Domestic and international scholars have broadly outlined the measurement of urbanization as a single indicator strategy centered on the urbanization rate [31], an urban expansion index based on land-use change [32,33], a comprehensive indicator system integrating demographic, social and economic indicators [34,35], incorporating evening lighting data from multivariate remote sensing [36,37], etc. At the methodological level, scholars have widely used the PSR model [38], gray correlation model [39], correlation analysis [10,40], Kuznets curve model [41], spatial autocorrelation model [10,42], coupled coordination model [43,44], and spatial metrics model [45,46] to analyze the interrelationships between urbanization and ecosystem services. At the scale level, it includes the whole country [39,47], provinces [48], urban agglomerations [2,32,38], cities and counties [9,44,46], watersheds [42,49,50], etc.…”