Ecosystem simplification, biodiversity loss and plant virus emergence

Roossinck, Marilyn J.; García‐Arenal, Fernando

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.005

Cited by 125 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…One study using White clover mosaic virus (WClMV) on a variety of white clover genotypes found that the virus had a negative impact on all genotypes but the degree of impact varied greatly from one genotype to another, providing empirical evidence that a virus in the environment can effect the genotypic diversity or G X E (vanMölken and Stuefer, 2011). Hence while host diversity can impact the incidence and outcome of virus infection in plants (Roossinck and García-Arenal, 2015), viruses also can impact the degree of host diversity.…”

Section: Viruses and Host Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus incidence is greatest in the cultivated stands with low diversity, and lowest in the wild stands; hence plant population variation is critical to keeping virus levels low (Rodelo-Urrego et al, 2013). The link between biodiversity and virus disease incidence has been suggested for some time but few actual case studies have been done (Roossinck and García-Arenal, 2015). In the chiltepin, in addition to the lower incidence of virus infection, the level of disease in the infected wild plants is lower than in the cultivated plants (Rodelo-Urrego et al, 2013).…”

Section: Viruses In Domestic and Managed Plant Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plants, viruses and the environment: Ecology and mutualism

2015

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Since the discovery of Tobacco mosaic virus nearly 120 years ago, most studies on viruses have focused on their roles as pathogens. Virus ecology takes a different look at viruses, from the standpoint of how they affect their hosts׳ interactions with the environment. Using the framework of symbiotic relationships helps put the true nature of viruses into perspective. Plants clearly have a long history of relationships with viruses that have shaped their evolution. In wild plants viruses are common but usually asymptomatic. In experimental studies plant viruses are sometimes mutualists rather than pathogens. Virus ecology is closely tied to the ecology of their vectors, and the behavior of insects, critical for transmission of many plant viruses, is impacted by virus-plant interactions. Virulence is probable not beneficial for most host-virus interactions, hence commensal and mutualistic relationships are almost certainly common, in spite of the paucity of literature on beneficial viruses.

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Section: Viruses and Host Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Viruses In Domestic and Managed Plant Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plants, viruses and the environment: Ecology and mutualism

2015

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“…There is evidence that wild flora acts as a reservoir of viruses causing significant losses in nearby crops and vice versa [1–7]. However, information about viruses in wild species is still quite limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed Infections of Four Viruses, the Incidence and Phylogenetic Relationships of Sweet Potato Chlorotic Fleck Virus (Betaflexiviridae) Isolates in Wild Species and Sweetpotatoes in Uganda and Evidence of Distinct Isolates in East Africa

2016

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Viruses infecting wild flora may have a significant negative impact on nearby crops, and vice-versa. Only limited information is available on wild species able to host economically important viruses that infect sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas). In this study, Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (SPCFV; Carlavirus, Betaflexiviridae) and Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV; Crinivirus, Closteroviridae) were surveyed in wild plants of family Convolvulaceae (genera Astripomoea, Ipomoea, Hewittia and Lepistemon) in Uganda. Plants belonging to 26 wild species, including annuals, biannuals and perennials from four agro-ecological zones, were observed for virus-like symptoms in 2004 and 2007 and sampled for virus testing. SPCFV was detected in 84 (2.9%) of 2864 plants tested from 17 species. SPCSV was detected in 66 (5.4%) of the 1224 plants from 12 species sampled in 2007. Some SPCSV-infected plants were also infected with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV; Potyvirus, Potyviridae; 1.3%), Sweet potato mild mottle virus (SPMMV; Ipomovirus, Potyviridae; 0.5%) or both (0.4%), but none of these three viruses were detected in SPCFV-infected plants. Co-infection of SPFMV with SPMMV was detected in 1.2% of plants sampled. Virus-like symptoms were observed in 367 wild plants (12.8%), of which 42 plants (11.4%) were negative for the viruses tested. Almost all (92.4%) the 419 sweetpotato plants sampled from fields close to the tested wild plants displayed virus-like symptoms, and 87.1% were infected with one or more of the four viruses. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of the 3′-proximal genomic region of SPCFV, including the silencing suppressor (NaBP)- and coat protein (CP)-coding regions implicated strong purifying selection on the CP and NaBP, and that the SPCFV strains from East Africa are distinguishable from those from other continents. However, the strains from wild species and sweetpotato were indistinguishable, suggesting reciprocal movement of SPCFV between wild and cultivated Convolvulaceae plants in the field.

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“…This includes the introduction of hosts, viruses (and vectors), often by human activity, in areas where they were not present before. Other factor facilitating new contacts is ecosystem simplification [81], characterized by reduced species diversity in agricultural compared to natural ecosystems, a concomitant reduction in the genetic diversity of crops compared to wild populations and a higher host density. A second phase consists on the evolutionary process of virus adaptation to the new host or environment to the point that new infections and transmission in the new host is ensured, making between-host transmission independent from the original reservoir.…”

Section: Dynamics Of Genetic Diversity and Structure Of Plant Virus Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Plant Virus Populations: A Valuable Tool for Epidemiological Studies

Escriu¹

2017

Genetic Diversity

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Plant viruses, as any other living organisms, differ genetically from each other as a result of processes (such as mutation, recombination and other forms of genetic exchange) that generate genetic variation in each generation during their reproduction and processes (such as selection, migration and genetic drift) that modulate this variation, determine the distribution of the genetic variants within a population (i.e., the genetic structure of the population) and how it changes with time, in a dynamical phenomenon called evolution. For plant viruses, evolutionary forces that generate and modulate the genetic diversity of their populations are often associated to different phases in their biology and ecology, such as virus-host interactions and host to host transmission. Forces that shape the evolution of plant viruses are at the same time key factors affecting their pathogenic properties, including their ability to cause diseases (an aspect that is studied in the field of epidemiology). The present chapter aims to illustrate how measurement and analysis of genetic diversity and structure of plant virus populations are essential to the current knowledge on the evolutionary biology of plant viruses and how evolutionary factors have a relevant role in the dynamics of virus populations and therefore, in the epidemiology of plant virus diseases.

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Ecosystem simplification, biodiversity loss and plant virus emergence

Cited by 125 publications

References 85 publications

Plants, viruses and the environment: Ecology and mutualism

Plants, viruses and the environment: Ecology and mutualism

Mixed Infections of Four Viruses, the Incidence and Phylogenetic Relationships of Sweet Potato Chlorotic Fleck Virus (Betaflexiviridae) Isolates in Wild Species and Sweetpotatoes in Uganda and Evidence of Distinct Isolates in East Africa

Diversity of Plant Virus Populations: A Valuable Tool for Epidemiological Studies

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