Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of losartan after UV/H2O2 and UVC/photolysis treatments

Abstract

Losartan potassium (LOS) is one of the most antihypertensives used in the world, and its presence in environmental matrices can cause impacts to biota. In this study, the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of LOS was assessed before and after treatment by UVC/photolysis and UV/H 2 O 2 . The photodegradations were carried out at LOS solutions (2.5 mg L −1 ; 4.6 μM) for 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, and 480 min of treatment. For chromatographic analysis, the samples were submitted to solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Ecotoxicity bioassays were conducted using Daphnia magna (acute) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (chronic) for all the degradation times. To evaluate the genotoxicity, the comet assay was performed with a D. magna whole organism cell suspension applying the alkaline gel electrophoresis technique. For both process, the degradation rate was over 99% at 30 min, which reduced the acute toxicity of LOS to D. magna . In addition, only the sample treated at 240 min by UV/H 2 O 2 showed significant chronic and acute toxicity. However, the genotoxicity effect was observed for samples treated LOS before treatment and at 480 min by UV/H 2 O 2 . Therefore, even reaching high LOS degradation rates, for both processes, the bioassays demonstrated the importance of ecotoxicological analyses by AOPs treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-020-11420-9.

Assessing the Efficacy of A Mo2C/Peroxydisulfate System for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment: A Study of Losartan Degradation, E. coli Inactivation, and Synergistic Effects

“…It has also been proven to be a beneficial agent in preventing kidney damage caused by diabetes [17,18]. However, LOS has been found in effluents at concentrations from 19.7 to 2760 ng/L [17,19], indicating the incomplete degradation of LOS using biological wastewater treatment [20][21][22]. Also, Cortez et al [9] noted the occurrence of LOS in a Brazilian coastal region with concentrations reaching up to 32 ng/L.…”

“…Also, Cortez et al [9] noted the occurrence of LOS in a Brazilian coastal region with concentrations reaching up to 32 ng/L. Furthermore, Cortez et al [9], Ladhari et al [20], Osorio et al [21], and Adams et al [22] revealed that despite LOS's numerous benefits for human health, it can be toxic to various organisms, including humans, fish, crustaceans, algae, Daphnia magna, and Desmodesmus subspicatus. Its byproducts can be more harmful and persistent than the parent compound (LOS).…”

Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of female contraceptives in Allium cepa L.

“…These compounds are barely regulated by environmental policies around the world, and most worryingly, their toxic effects are still not well known (Peña-Guzmán et al, 2019;Adams et al, 2021). The toxicological analyzes aim to analyze the mechanisms of action of toxic agents capable of causing specific interactions with nucleic acids, which can result in genetic damage, in addition to point mutations, errors during the replication mechanism of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), as well as mitotic changes (Matsumoto and Marin-Morales, 2005).…”

Isolation and structural characterization of two novel oxidative degradation products of losartan potassium active pharmaceutical ingredient using advanced analytical techniques

“…Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) studies were published on losartan‐related metabolites in human plasma 5 . Research studies show that losartan potassium exhibited less degradation in thermal, photolytic, and hydrolytic conditions 6–8 . It is also known that partial oxidation of losartan produces toxic by‐products that could be harmful to living organisms 9,10 .…”

“…5 Research studies show that losartan potassium exhibited less degradation in thermal, photolytic, and hydrolytic conditions. [6][7][8] It is…”