Gold
(Au) is an inert metal in a bulk state; however, it can be
used for the preparation of Au nanoparticles (i.e., AuNPs) for multidimensional
applications in the field of nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology. Herein,
monodisperse concave cube AuNPs (CCAuNPs) were synthesized and functionalized
with a natural antioxidant lipoic acid (LA) and a tripeptide glutathione
(GSH) because different crystal facets of AuNPs provide binding sites
for distinct ligands. There was an ∼10 nm bathochromic shift
of the UV–vis spectrum when CCAuNPs were functionalized with
LA, and the size of the as-synthesized monodisperse CCAu nanoparticles
was 76 nm. The LA-functionalized CCAu nanoparticles (i.e., CCAuLA)
showed the highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus
subtilis. Both fluorescence images and scanning electron
microscopy images confirm the damage of the bacterial cell wall as
the mode of antibacterial activity of CCAuNPs. CCAuNPs also cause
the oxidation of bacterial cell membrane fatty acids to produce reactive
oxygen species, which pave the way for the death of bacteria. Both
CCAu nanoparticles and their functionalized derivatives showed excellent
hemocompatibility (i.e., percentage of hemolysis is <5% at 80 μg
of AuNPs) to human red blood cells and very high biocompatibility
to HeLa, L929, and Chinese hamster ovary-green fluorescent protein
(CHO-GFP) cells. Taken together, LA and GSH enhance the antibacterial
activity and biocompatibility, respectively, of CCAu nanoparticles
that interact with the bacteria through Coulomb as well as hydrophobic
interactions before demonstrating antibacterial propensity.