Ecotoxicity of o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CBM) and Toxicological Risk Assessment for SCLP Biological Cultures (Saccharomyces sp., Chlorella sp., Lactobacillus sp., Paramecium sp.)

Gheorghe, V.; Gheorghe, Catalina Gabriela; Bondarev, Andreea; Şomoghi, Raluca

doi:10.3390/toxics11030285

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Erlenmeyer flasks were placed in a laboratory shaker (ORBITAL Multi-Shaker) at 100 rpm for optimal aeration at 35 °C ± 1 °C, incubation under continuous white light (intensity was in the range 60–120 µE∙m −2 ∙s −1 ) [ 32 ].…”

Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis, Purity Check, Hydrolysis and Removal of o-Chlorobenzyliden Malononitrile (CBM) by Biological Selective Media

Gheorghe,

Popovici

et al. 2023

Toxics

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The removal yield of organic substances present in water depends on the environmental conditions, on the chemical composition of the water and on the chemical substance dissolved in the water, which constitutes the substrate of the metabolic activities of the microalgae that use these substances in the biochemical reactions of cellular enzyme complexes. o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS, to use its military designation) was synthesized in-house, for research purposes, by a condensing reaction between o-chlorobenzaldehide and malononitrilein the presence of diethylamine. The detection, identification and confirmation of o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (coded CBM in this experimental study) was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the purity of CBM was 99%. The biodegradation capacity in the samples that contained the biological suspension, after 24 h and 96 h of incubation, was determined via GC-MS analysis, and no evidence of the presence of CBM or some metabolites of CBM was detected. In the parallel samples, a hydrolysis process of CBM at room temperature, without biological treatment, revealed two main metabolites, malononitrile and o-chlorobenzaldehyde, respectively. This study is focused on evaluating the biodegradation capacity of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile in the presence of a biological material, culture of Chlorella sp., in comparison with a classical hydrolysis process. The tests performed indicate that the suspension of Chlorella sp. consumed the entire amount of CBM and metabolites from the analyzed samples. The tests prove that the biological material can be used to decontaminate the affected areas.

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Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was observed that the most effective biological strain for CBM degradation it was Chlorella sp. because it had the best cell development and regeneration under increasing concentration conditions, from 10 µg/mL to 150 µg/mL [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Purity Check, Hydrolysis and Removal of o-Chlorobenzyliden Malononitrile (CBM) by Biological Selective Media

Gheorghe,

Popovici

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…By adding particular microorganisms with a high tolerance to the hazardous toxin CBM to the aquatic flora, the toxicity of the material could be minimized, provided that exposure to it is limited [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the Paramecium sp. culture, the most susceptible to the effects of CBM was the culture with an EC b50 value of 50 μg /mL [ 19 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Oxygen Production by Algal Cells in the Presence of O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile

Gheorghe,

Popovici

et al. 2024

Bioengineering

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Chemical compounds, such as the CS gas employed in military operations, have a number of characteristics that impact the ecosystem by upsetting its natural balance. In this work, the toxicity limit and microorganism’s reaction to the oxidative stress induced by O-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile, a chemical found in CS gas, were assessed in relation to the green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. A number of parameters, including the cell growth curve, the percent inhibition in yield, the dry cell weight, the percentage viability and productivity of algal biomass flocculation activity, and the change in oxygen production, were analyzed in order to comprehend the toxicological mechanisms of O-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile on algal culture. Using fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the content of chlorophyll pigments was determined. The values obtained for pH during the adaptation period of the C. pyrenoidosa culture were between 6.0 and 6.8, O2 had values between 6.5 and 7.0 mg/L, and the conductivity was 165–210 µS/cm. For the 20 µg/mL O-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile concentration, the cell viability percentage was over 97.4%, and for the 150 µg/mL O-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile concentration was 74%. The ECb50 value for C. pyrenoidosa was determined from the slope of the calibration curve; it was estimated by extrapolation to the value of 298.24 µg/mL. With the help of this study, basic information on the toxicity of O-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile to aquatic creatures will be available, which will serve as a foundation for evaluating the possible effects on aquatic ecosystems. The management of the decontamination of the impacted areas could take the results into consideration.

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“…culture, ECb50 had a value of 50 µg /ml, this culture being the most sensitive to the action of CBM. [19], [29,30] Enzymatic mechanisms occurring in the cells of microorganisms can lead to the elimination of chemical toxic substances from the petroleum industry [31,32], [37,38], such as naphthenic acids and surfactants. [32], [39] The toxic effects of certain chemicals generate enzymatic changes in algae cells, making it necessary to study certain enzymes influenced by chemical stress: peroxidases (Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Oxygen Production of Algal Cells in the Presence of O-chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile, Biodegradation in the Eco-Friendly Way

Gheorghe,

Popovici

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Chemical substances such us CS-gas used in military operations are chemical compounds that present a series of peculiarities that affect the ecosystem by disrupting the ecological balance. This study evaluated the toxicological character of O-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile (CBM), (substance present in CS-gas) on the algae Cholrella sp. and analyzed the toxicity limit and the response of the microorganism to the oxidative stress caused by this substance. In order to under-stand the toxicological mechanisms of CBM on algal culture, a series of parameters were analyzed such as: the cell growth curve, the average specific growth rate (µ), percent inhibition in yield(I%), dry cell weight (DCW), percent viability and productivity of algal biomass flocculation activity(FA), change in oxygen production. The content of chlorophyll pigments, was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) fluorescence spectroscopy and analysis of the surface structure of algal cells by SEM spectroscopy. This study aims to provide fundamental data for understanding the toxicity of CBM to aquatic organisms and provides a basis for assessing the potential for impact on aquatic ecosystems. The results obtained could be taken into account in the management of the decontamination of the affected areas.

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Ecotoxicity of o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CBM) and Toxicological Risk Assessment for SCLP Biological Cultures (Saccharomyces sp., Chlorella sp., Lactobacillus sp., Paramecium sp.)

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

Synthesis, Purity Check, Hydrolysis and Removal of o-Chlorobenzyliden Malononitrile (CBM) by Biological Selective Media

Synthesis, Purity Check, Hydrolysis and Removal of o-Chlorobenzyliden Malononitrile (CBM) by Biological Selective Media

Reduction of Oxygen Production by Algal Cells in the Presence of O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile

Modification of Oxygen Production of Algal Cells in the Presence of O-chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile, Biodegradation in the Eco-Friendly Way

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