Ecotoxicity of Purified Industrial Waste Water

Copper in Commercial Marine Fish: From Biomonitoring to the ESG (Environment, Social, and Governance) Method

“…Cu is an inherent trace metal found in the aquatic environment, existing in small amounts that are minor nutrition for plants and animals [15]. Nevertheless, if the concentration of Cu is beyond specific thresholds, it becomes detrimental to the survival of aquatic organisms [16].…”

“…The accumulation of Cu in fish is affected by their dietary preferences since both carnivorous and herbivorous species can exhibit elevated levels of copper in their bodily tissues. The consequences of high Cu concentrations in fish are not entirely confirmed; however, data indicate they can cause poisoning [15,16]. Hence, it is crucial to monitor Cu levels in fish to guarantee the well-being of the aquatic environment and safety for human consumption.…”

“…Ultimately, the level of Cu found in fish is of utmost importance for ecosystem control and human consumption. Elevated levels of Cu in aquatic habitats can cause significant harm to the creatures inhabiting the ecosystem and the general ecological well-being [15]. Moreover, Cu can have comparable effects on invertebrates and amphibians, leading to a decrease in the generation of sperm and eggs [17].…”

“…Malaysians acquire 60-70% of their protein from marine fish [53]. Hence, various PTM monitoring studies have been published [15,16,50,51,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. Agusa et al [54] tested twenty-one trace elements (including Cu) in twelve Malaysian coastal marine fish species.…”