Ecotoxicity studies of two atrazine nanoformulations: From the evaluation of stability in media to the effects on aquatic organisms

Release and stability of two tebuconazole nanoformulations in different aquatic media

“…It is crucial to determine these parameters considering the possible effect of salinity, organic matter, and pH, among other factors. 24,25 For example, the media used in ecotoxicology tests contain a variety of salts and nutrients that could affect the behavior and fate of the nanopesticides in these media. 11,25 This was the case of the work developed by Kuchovská et al 26 in which the sublethal toxicity of free propiconazole and its polymeric nanoformulation on the embryo-larval stage of the Pacific oyster was evaluated.…”

“…24,25 For example, the media used in ecotoxicology tests contain a variety of salts and nutrients that could affect the behavior and fate of the nanopesticides in these media. 11,25 This was the case of the work developed by Kuchovská et al 26 in which the sublethal toxicity of free propiconazole and its polymeric nanoformulation on the embryo-larval stage of the Pacific oyster was evaluated. In this research, the release of propiconazole and the stability of the nanopesticide in the tested medium (seawater) were evaluated.…”

“…Castanha et al 25 investigated the behavior of atrazine polymeric nanoparticles in reconstituted water and documented commendable stability, as the particles effectively retained their colloidal properties over an extended period. 25 Similarly, in the case of polymeric nanoparticles within the ADaM medium (used for cultivating/ecotoxicity tests of Daphnia magna), there was a notable preservation of their colloidal properties over a 48-hour period. 27 This consistent maintenance of colloidal stability plays a significant role in ensuring uniform and continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to the nanoparticles leading to more reliable and accurate assessments of their ecotoxicological effects, as it minimizes variations in nanoparticle behavior that could otherwise skew the results.…”

“…27 This consistent maintenance of colloidal stability plays a significant role in ensuring uniform and continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to the nanoparticles leading to more reliable and accurate assessments of their ecotoxicological effects, as it minimizes variations in nanoparticle behavior that could otherwise skew the results. 25 Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) is recognized for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, making it a widely utilized polymer in diverse fields such as medical, pharmaceutical, packaging, and cosmetic industries. 5,28 The active substance's modified release system, the high encapsulation efficiency of PCL, and its comparatively lower toxicity than free pesticides have been Environmental Science: Nano Paper highlighted as key advantages of this polymeric nanocarrier in several studies.…”

“…The results showed that the propiconazole nanoformulation was less toxic at the molecular level than free propiconazole, which was associated with the fact that only 44% of active substance had been released. Castanha et al 25 investigated the behavior of atrazine polymeric nanoparticles in reconstituted water and documented commendable stability, as the particles effectively retained their colloidal properties over an extended period. 25 Similarly, in the case of polymeric nanoparticles within the ADaM medium (used for cultivating/ecotoxicity tests of Daphnia magna ), there was a notable preservation of their colloidal properties over a 48-hour period.…”