The aim of this study was to assess the effect of temperature on the toxicity of pronil toward earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in two Brazilian soils (Entisol and Oxisol) with contrasting textures. In the case of Entisol, the in uence of the soil moisture content on the toxicity was also investigated.Earthworms were exposed for 56 days to soils spiked with increasing concentrations of pronil under scenarios with different combinations of temperature (20, 25 and 27 ºC) and soil moisture content (60 and 30% of water holding capacity (WHC) for Entisol and 60% WHC for Oxisol). The number of juveniles produced was taken as the endpoint and a risk assessment was performed based on the hazard quotient (HQ). In Entisol, at 60% WHC the pronil toxicity decreased at 27 ºC compared with the other temperatures tested (EC 50 = 52.58, 48.48 and 110 mg kg -1 for 20, 25 and 27 ºC, respectively). In the case of Oxisol at 60% WHC, the pronil toxicity increased at 27 ºC compared with other temperatures (EC 50 = 277.57, 312.87 and 39.89 mg kg -1 at 20, 25 and 27 ºC, respectively). An increase in pronil toxicity was also observed with a decrease in soil moisture content in Entisol at 27 ºC (EC 50 = 27.95 and 110 mg kg -1 for 30% and 60% WHC, respectively). The risk of pronil was only signi cant at 27 ºC in Entisol and Oxisol with water contents of 30% and 60% WHC, respectively, revealing that higher temperatures can increase the risk of pronil toxicity toward earthworms. The results reported herein show that soil properties associated with climatic shifts could enhance the ecotoxicological effects and risk of pronil for earthworms, depending on the type of soil.