Ecotoxicological Differences of Antimony (III) and Antimony (V) on Earthworms Eisenia fetida (Savingy)

Abstract

In this study, we assessed the acute and chronic toxic effects of Sb (III) and Sb (V) on Eisenia fetida (Savingy) (E. fetida) by applying the filter paper contact method, aged soil treatment, and avoidance test experiment. In the acute filter paper contact test, the LC50 values for Sb (III) were 2581 mg/L (24 h), 1427 mg/L (48 h), and 666 mg/L (72 h), which were lower than Sb (V). In the chronic aged soil exposure experiment, when the Sb (III)-contaminated soil was aged 10 d, 30 d, and 60 d after exposure for 7 d, the LC50 value of E. fetida was 370, 613, and >4800 mg/kg, respectively. Compared to Sb (V) spiked soils aged only for 10 d, the concentrations causing 50% mortality significantly increased by 7.17-fold after 14 days of exposure in soil aged for 60 d. The results show that Sb (III) and Sb (V) could cause death and directly affect the avoidance behavior of E. fetida; yet, the toxicity of Sb (III) was higher than that of Sb (V). Consistent with the decrease in water-soluble Sb, the toxicity of Sb to E. fetida was greatly reduced with time. Therefore, in order to avoid overestimating the ecological risk of Sb with varying oxidative states, it is important to consider the forms and bioavailability of Sb. This study accumulated and supplemented the toxicity data, and provided a more comprehensive basis for the ecological risk assessment of Sb.