Ecotoxicology: Objectives, Principles and Perspectives

Truhaut, R

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021998-1.50038-5

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…In 1969, Truhaut coined the term ecotoxicology as the logical extension of toxicology (i.e., the effects of poisons on individuals) to the ecological effects of pollutants (Truhaut 1977). Over the next decade, the size and diversity of research programs in government, academia and industry grew.…”

Section: Scientific and Technological Advances In The 1970smentioning

confidence: 99%

History of wildlife toxicology

Rattner

2009

Ecotoxicology

142

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The field of wildlife toxicology can be traced to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initial reports included unintentional poisoning of birds from ingestion of spent lead shot and predator control agents, alkali poisoning of waterbirds, and die-offs from maritime oil spills. With the advent of synthetic pesticides in the 1930s and 1940s, effects of DDT and other pesticides were investigated in free-ranging and captive wildlife. In response to research findings in the US and UK, and the publication of Silent Spring in 1962, public debate on the hazards of pollutants arose and national contaminant monitoring programs were initiated. Shortly thereafter, population-level effects of DDT on raptorial and fish-eating birds were documented, and effects on other species (e.g., bats) were suspected. Realization of the global nature of organochlorine pesticide contamination, and the discovery of PCBs in environmental samples, launched long-range studies in birds and mammals. With the birth of ecotoxicology in 1969 and the establishment of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in 1979, an international infrastructure began to emerge. In the 1980s, heavy metal pollution related to mining and smelting, agrichemical practices and non-target effects, selenium toxicosis, and disasters such as Chernobyl and the Exxon Valdez dominated the field. Biomarker development, endocrine disruption, population modeling, and studies with amphibians and reptiles were major issues of the 1990s. With the turn of the century, there was interest in new and emerging compounds (pharmaceuticals, flame retardants, surfactants), and potential population-level effects of some compounds. Based upon its history, wildlife toxicology is driven by chemical use and misuse, ecological disasters, and pollution-related events affecting humans. Current challenges include the need to more thoroughly estimate and predict exposure and effects of chemical-related anthropogenic activities on wildlife and their supporting habitat.

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Section: Scientific and Technological Advances In The 1970smentioning

confidence: 99%

History of wildlife toxicology

Rattner

2009

Ecotoxicology

142

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“…The quantification of the dose-response relationship between strain and effect is the crucial issue of risk estimation. Mechanics of materials provides a considerable knowledge on strain-effect theory (Gere and Timoshenko, 1997), which is fundamental to describe the behavior of materials exposed to specific strains (strain-stress analysis), and eco-toxicology is ''a branch of toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural or synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animal (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an integral context'' (Truhaut, 1977). The ultimate goal of eco-toxicology is to quantify the exposureresponse relationship between differing levels of exposure (doses) and the change in effect on organisms or populations.…”

Section: Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A concept in adaptive ecosystem management—An engineering perspective

Heinimann

2010

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…The deposition rate depends on several factors such as emission (HM species and amount) and characteristics of the receiving landscapes (Ferrante et al 2012;Rühling and Tyler 2001). Once deposited, due to persistence of HM and absorption capacity of biomass and natural surface soil, HM can accumulate there and may enter food webs implying potential (eco)toxicological hazards (Becker et al 2013;New et al 2002;Truhaut 1977). Moss species adsorb and incorporate atmospheric HM deposition (Gonzales and Pokrovsky 2014) over several years but are in general rather resistant to toxic elements such as HM (Basile et al 2013;Berg and Steinnes 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlating concentrations of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition with respective accumulation in moss and natural surface soil for ecological land classes in Norway between 1990 and 2010

Nickel

Hertel

Pesch

et al. 2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study investigated whether statistical correlation of modeled atmospheric heavy metal deposition and respective accumulation in moss and natural surface soil varies across natural landscapes in Norway. Target metals were cadmium, lead, and mercury, and analyses were run between 1990 and 2010 on a 5-year interval. The landscape information was derived from the Ecological Land Classification of Europe. Correlations between concentration and respective deposition data were computed for each land class. The strongest correlations between heavy metal concentrations in atmospheric deposition and corresponding levels in moss and natural surface soil were observed for lead. Correlations for mercury were weaker compared to those calculated for cadmium and lead, indicating that atmospheric transport of mercury occurs at a larger spatial scale, while accumulation additionally seems to be influenced by factors operating on smaller scales. The correlation between concentrations in atmospheric deposition and moss is landscape-specific and metal-specific. The same holds true for the relations between heavy metal concentration in modeled atmospheric deposition and natural surface soil. The results of this investigation are in line with similar calculations from across Europe. They further confirm previous studies indicating that for Norway atmospheric transport is a main source of lead and cadmium accumulation in moss as well as in natural surface soil.

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Ecotoxicology: Objectives, Principles and Perspectives

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

History of wildlife toxicology

History of wildlife toxicology

A concept in adaptive ecosystem management—An engineering perspective

Correlating concentrations of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition with respective accumulation in moss and natural surface soil for ecological land classes in Norway between 1990 and 2010

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