Ecotoxicology of micronized tire rubber: Past, present and future considerations

Halle, Louise Lynn; Palmqvist, Annemette; Kampmann, Kristoffer; Khan, Farhan R.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135694

Cited by 132 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Laboratory experiments showed no significant effects for PET leachate [143], whereas plasticized PVC and polyurethane caused immobility for Daphnia magna [18]. Moreover, studies on TWP leachate highlight the reduction of total reproductive output and growth in Hyalella azteca, as well as long-term effects (EC 50, in the range of 0.01-1.8 g rubber/L) on Ceriodaphnia dubia [153]. This evidence implies that leaching phenomena are strictly correlated with polymer physicochemical features, leading to contrasting conclusions about the effects on the biota and highlighting the need for more detailed research.…”

Section: Ecotoxicological Effects Of Mps On Benthic Organismsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Microplastic Contamination in Freshwater Environments: A Review, Focusing on Interactions with Sediments and Benthic Organisms

et al. 2020

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Plastic is one of the most commonly produced and used materials in the world due to its outstanding features. However, the worldwide use of plastics and poor waste management have led to negative impacts on ecosystems. Plastic degradation in the environment leads to the generation of plastic particles with a size of <5 mm, which are defined as microplastics (MPs). These represent a global concern due to their wide dispersion in water environments and unclear potential ecotoxicological effects. Different studies have been performed with the aim of evaluating the presence and impacts of MPs in the marine environment. However, the presence of MPs in freshwater systems is still poorly investigated, making data retrieval a difficult task. The purpose of this review is to identify the main aspects concerning MPs pollution sources in lakes and rivers, with a focus on freshwater sediments as a site of accumulation and as the habitat of benthic organisms, which are key components of food webs and play a fundamental role in energy/contaminant transfer processes, but are still poorly considered. Through this review, the sources and fate of MPs in freshwater are analysed, ecotoxicological studies focused on sediments and benthic fauna are exposed, the most frequently used sampling and analysis strategies are reported, and future trends of MPs analysis in this field are proposed.

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Section: Ecotoxicological Effects Of Mps On Benthic Organismsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Microplastic Contamination in Freshwater Environments: A Review, Focusing on Interactions with Sediments and Benthic Organisms

et al. 2020

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“…For example, Calanus C5 stages have lipid reserves that may help them to 'buffer' toxic molecules and remove them from their metabolism, while Acartia lacks this option and may be more exposed to oxidative stress (Hansen et al, 2018;Sørensen et al, 2020). The toxicity of CRG leachates on aquatic organisms has been reviewed in and Halle et al (2020). Effect concentrations ranged widely and depended on the type (e.g., abrasion method), origin (e.g., summer versus winter tires) and state (e.g., weathering, UV exposure) of the CRG applied.…”

Section: Species-specific Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ingestion of CRG particles by marine organisms is known to occur (Redondo-Hasselerharm et al, 2018;Khan et al, 2019), leading to potential exposure through leaching during gut transit. However, exposure of marine organisms to additive chemicals in CRG is likely to be more widespread through leaching to the aqueous phase, especially as some of these additives exhibit persistency in the environment (Halle et al, 2020). The variety of organic additives present in CRG make it extremely challenging to determine which chemical groups are of most interest for assessing the potential environmental impacts and risks associated with CRG.…”

Section: What Are the Drivers Of Crg Leachate Toxicity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical classes associated with car tires include polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, sulfenamides, guanidines, thiazoles, thiuams, dithiocarbamates, sulfur donors, phenolics, phenylenediamines and heavy metals (Smolders and Degryse, 2002;ChemRisk Inc., 2008;Bocca et al, 2009;Llompart et al, 2013;Ruffino et al, 2013;Cheng et al, 2014;Canepari et al, 2017). Many of these chemicals can cause environmental impacts and pose risks to human health (Sadiktsis et al, 2012;Rodgers and Waddell, 2013;Ruffino et al, 2013;Cheng et al, 2014;Canepari et al, 2017;Halle et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most environmental studies into the effects of CRG have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, where leaching into rainwater and runoff via waterways occurs Wagner et al, 2018;Halle et al, 2020). Regulated metals (As, Ag, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se) and organic contaminants in freshwater leachates of tire rubber have been shown to have concentrations below their respective regulatory limits (Cheng et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Car Tire Crumb Rubber: Does Leaching Produce a Toxic Chemical Cocktail in Coastal Marine Systems?

Halsband

Sørensen

Booth

et al. 2020

Front. Environ. Sci.

107

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Crumb rubber granulate (CRG) produced from end of life tires (ELTs) is commonly applied to synthetic turf pitches (STPs), playgrounds, safety surfaces and walkways. In addition to fillers, stabilizers, cross-linking agents and secondary components (e.g., pigments, oils, resins), ELTs contain a range of other organic compound and heavy metal additives. While previous environmental impact studies on CRG have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, many sites applying CRG in Norway are coastal. The current study investigated the organic chemical and metal additive content of 'pristine' and 'weathered' CRG and their seawater leachates, as well as uptake and effects of leachate exposure using marine copepods (Acartia and Calanus sp.). A combination of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) and chemical extraction followed by GC-MS analysis revealed similar organic chemical profiles for pristine and weathered CRG, including additives such as benzothiazole, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds (e.g., bisphenols). ICP-MS analysis revealed g kg −1 quantities of Zn and mg kg −1 quantities of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, and Ni in the CRG. A cocktail of organic additives and metals readily leached from the CRG into seawater, with the most abundant leachate components being benzothiazole and Zn, Fe, Co (metals), as well as detectable levels of PAHs and phenolic compounds. Concentrations of individual components varied with CRG source material and CRG to seawater ratio, but benzothiazole and Zn were typically the organic and metal components present at the highest concentrations in the leachates. While organic chemical concentrations in the leachates stabilized within days, metals continued to leach out over the 30-day period. Marine copepods exposed to high CRG leachate concentrations exhibited high mortalities within 48 h. The smaller lipid-poor Acartia had a higher sensitivity to leachates than the larger lipid-rich Calanus, indicating speciesspecific differences in vulnerability to leachates. The effect on survival was alleviated at lower leachate concentrations, indicating a dose-response relationship. Benzothiazole and its derivatives appear to be of concern owing to their proven toxicity, while bisphenols are also known to be toxic and were enriched in the leachates relative to the other compounds in the CRG.

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A Deep Dive into the Complex Chemical Mixture and Toxicity of Tire Wear Particle Leachate in Fathead Minnow

Chibwe

Parrott

Shires

et al. 2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The ecological impact of tire wear particles in aquatic ecosystems is a growing environmental concern. In this study, we combined toxicity testing, using fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos, with non-target high-resolution liquid This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Accepted Articlechromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry to characterize the toxicity and chemical mixture of organic chemicals associated with tire particle (TP) leachates. We assessed:(a) exposure to TP leachates after leaching for 1-, 3-and 10-days, and (b) the effect of the presence and absence of small tire particulates in the leachates. We observed a decrease in embryonic heart rates, hatching success, and lengths, as well as an increase in the number of embryos with severe deformities and diminished eye and body pigmentation, upon exposure to the leachates. Overall, there was a pattern whereby we observed more toxicity in the 10-day leachates, and greater toxicity in unfiltered leachates. Redundancy analysis showed that several benzothiazoles and aryl-amines were correlated with the toxic effects observed in the embryos. These included benzothiazole, 2aminobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, N,N'-diphenylguanidine, and N,N'diphenylurea. However, many other chemicals characterized as unknowns are likely to also play a key role in the adverse effects observed. Our study provides insight into the types of chemicals likely to be important toxicological drivers in tire leachates, and improves our understanding on the ecotoxicological impacts of tire wear particles.

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Ecotoxicology of micronized tire rubber: Past, present and future considerations

Cited by 132 publications

References 117 publications

Microplastic Contamination in Freshwater Environments: A Review, Focusing on Interactions with Sediments and Benthic Organisms

Microplastic Contamination in Freshwater Environments: A Review, Focusing on Interactions with Sediments and Benthic Organisms

Car Tire Crumb Rubber: Does Leaching Produce a Toxic Chemical Cocktail in Coastal Marine Systems?

A Deep Dive into the Complex Chemical Mixture and Toxicity of Tire Wear Particle Leachate in Fathead Minnow

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