Ecotypic variation of<i>Gremmeniella abietina</i>in northern Europe: disease patterns reflected by DNA variation

Hellgren, Magnus; Högberg, Nils

doi:10.1139/b95-166

Cited by 49 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Furthermore, the ecological factors influencing G. abietina in Spain vary compared to those in the other countries, where G. abietina behaves as a psychrophilic fungus, particularly in the Alpine region [12], Fennonscandia [17,39], North America [23], and Turkey [11]. In Spain, G. abietina has been only reported in northwestern P. halepensis plantations within a temperate zone [2][3][4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biotype B and the Alpine type are mostly located in Scandinavia and the Alpine region. They both grow in harsh conditions of snow and low temperature and commonly richly produce both apothecia and pycnidia in nature [17]. Biotype A, the most pathogenic biotype, is endemic from the Italian Apennines to northern Sweden, and it is also present in North America [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Description and prevalence of a putative novel mycovirus within the conifer pathogen Gremmeniella abietina

et al. 2015

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The European race of Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet is the causal agent of stem canker and shoot blight on numerous conifers in Europe and North America. It comprises different species and biotypes in which the presence of mycoviruses has been determined. In this report, we describe the full-length sequence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of a putative novel virus, Gremmeniella abietina RNA virus 6 (GaRV6), with 2165 nt and a GC content of 54.7 %. A BLASTp search using the deduced RdRp amino acid sequence confirmed GaRV6 to be related to members of a still unassigned virus taxon, which includes, e.g., Fusarium graminearum dsRNA mycovirus 4 (FgV-4) and the mutualistic Curvularia thermal tolerance virus (CThTV). The prevalence and genetic diversity of GaRV6 was also studied within the European race of G. abietina. We examined 162 isolates originating from Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States. According to direct specific reverse transcription (RT) PCR screening based on the RdRp sequence, the virus appears to be present only in Spain, where it is relatively abundant but genetically highly uniform.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Description and prevalence of a putative novel mycovirus within the conifer pathogen Gremmeniella abietina

et al. 2015

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“…Within the European race, three separate biotypes have been recognized: one affecting large trees (LTT), one affecting small trees (STT) and an alpine type (Hellgren and Högberg 1995, Hamelin et al 1996, Petäistö et al 1996. Based on new information on the epidemiology, morphology and genetics Laflamme has suggested in his review on the genus that the different races and biotypes represent different species and should be redescribed (Laflamme 2002).…”

Section: Scleroderris Cankermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal diseases in forest nurseries in Finland

Lilja¹,

Poteri²,

Petäistö³

et al. 2010

Silva Fenn.

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Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and silver birch (Betula pendula) are the major tree species grown in Finnish forest nurseries where 99% of the seedlings are grown in containers first in plastic-covered greenhouses and later outdoors. The main diseases on conifer seedlings are Scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella abietina), Sirococcus blight and cankers (Sirococcus conigenum), snow blights (Herpotrichia juniperi and Phacidium infestans) and needle casts (Lophodermium seditiosum and Meria laricis). Also grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) and birch rust (Melampsoridium betulinum) are among the diseases to be controlled with fungicides. During last years Scleroderris canker has been a problem on Norway spruce, which has been since 2000 the most common species produced in Finnish nurseries. Root die-back (uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp.) on container-grown spruce and pine was a problem in the 1990s. Today the disease has become less common in modern nurseries due to improvements in hygiene and cultivation practice. Since 1991 stem lesions and top dying caused by Phytophthora cactorum has been a problem on birch. The ongoing climate change has already had effect on rusts and powdery mildews as well as other fungi infecting leaves. All diseases, which gain high precipitation and warm and long autumns. For same reasons winter stored seedlings need sprayings against grey mold. Fungal infections are also possible during short-day (SD) treatment, that is necessary for summer and autumn plantings and a beneficial step prior freezing temperatures outside or in freezer storage. Growers are encouraged to use cultural and integrated pest management techniques such as better nursery hygiene, including removing plant debris in nursery growing areas and hot water washing of containers plus removal of diseased, spore-producing seedlings and trees around the nursery.

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“…Within the European race three biotypes have been determined based on the length of spores, number of septa, disease symptoms, and molecular markers. There is biotype A (LTT, large tree type), biotype B (STT, small tree type) and alpine biotype (Uotila, 1983;Hamelin et al, 1993;Hellgren and Hogberg, 1995;Kaitera and Jalkanen, 1996;Hantula and Muller, 1997). In Europe, the fungus mostly affects genera Picea spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of putative mitoviruses on in vitro growth of Gremmeniella abietina isolates under different laboratory conditions

2012

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Mitoviruses have been found in several forest pathogens (i.e. Cryphonectria parasitica, Gremmeniella abietina), and because they have been shown to reduce the virulence of host fungi there is a growing interest in studying their use as a biocontrol. This study was carried out to test the effect of temperature (5°C, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C), pH (4, 5, 7 and 9) and osmotic potential (-0.6, -1.2, -1.8 and -2.4 MPa) on the mycelial growth of seven G. abietina isolates under controlled laboratory conditions. Four of the isolates hosted mitoviruses and three of them did not. During the experiment, mycelial growth was recorded every week for a period of 8 weeks. Results showed no differences in growth behavior between mitovirus infected and non-infected isolates when placed under different pH modifications. However, the mitovirus-infected isolates presented larger mycelial growth than the mitovirus-free ones when at the fungi's optimal growing temperature of 15°C. When growing at certain osmotic potentials (-0.6 and -1.8 MPa) a reduction in growth of the mitovirus-infected isolates was observed. The results of this experiment suggest that mycelial growth among non-infected isolates and isolates naturally infected by mitovirus vary under different culture conditions, thus providing further insight into the effects of mitovirus on Gremmeniella abietina isolates.Key words: mitoviruses; Scleroderris canker; in vitro; biological control; Gremmeniella abietina; dsRNA. Resumen Efecto de posibles mitovirus en el crecimiento in vitro de aislados de Gremmeniella abietina bajo diferentes condiciones de laboratorioLos mitovirus son virus exclusivamente fúngicos que han sido aislados de algunos patógenos forestales (i.e. Cryphonectria parasitica, Gremmeniella abietina) y ya que pueden reducir la virulencia del hongo existe un creciente interés por su posible papel como agentes de control biológico. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio para evaluar el efecto de la temperatura (5°C, 15°C, 25°C y 35°C), el pH (4, 5, 7 y 9) y el potencial osmótico (-0.6, -1.2, -1.8, -2.4 MPa) en el crecimiento micelial de siete aislados de G. abietina bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio. Cuatro de los aislados albergaban mitovirus y tres de ellos no. Durante el experimento, el crecimiento micelial fue registrado semanalmente hasta completar 8 mediciones. Los aislados infectados con mitovirus presentaron mayor crecimiento micelial que los no infectados a la temperatura de crecimiento óptimo del hongo de 15°C. No se observaron efectos de la presencia de mitovirus entre los aislados infectados y los no infectados en los tratamientos de modificación del pH. Cuando se modificaron los potenciales osmóticos se observó una reducción del crecimiento micelial de los aislados infectados con mitovirus en los potenciales osmóticos de -0.6 y -1.8 MPa. Los resultados de este experimento sugieren que la presencia de los mitovirus afecta al crecimiento micelial del hongo bajo distintas condiciones de laboratorio. Este estudio proporciona un conocimiento más prof...

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Ecotypic variation ofGremmeniella abietinain northern Europe: disease patterns reflected by DNA variation

Cited by 49 publications

References 26 publications

Description and prevalence of a putative novel mycovirus within the conifer pathogen Gremmeniella abietina

Description and prevalence of a putative novel mycovirus within the conifer pathogen Gremmeniella abietina

Fungal diseases in forest nurseries in Finland

Effect of putative mitoviruses on in vitro growth of Gremmeniella abietina isolates under different laboratory conditions

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