“…ML methods have found invaluable applications in diverse biotechnology areas, including drug discovery (Rickerby et al, 2020), assessing various aspects of protein fitness such as thermostability (Csicsery-Ronay et al, 2022), stereoselectivity (Moon et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021), fluorescence properties (Somermeyer et al, 2022), predicting affinity in protein complex interactions (Medina-Ortiz et al, 2023;Liu et al, 2021), functional classification based on Enzyme Commission numbers (Shi et al, 2022;Fernández et al, 2023), recognition of biological activities in peptide sequences (Quiroz et al, 2021), photoreceptor adduct lifetime (Hemmer et al, 2023), and assessing DNA-binding proteins (Qu et al, 2019). The versatility of ML methods has resulted in their integration with traditional experimental techniques, such as DE and RD (Yang et al, 2019;Wittmann et al, 2021).…”