Ecstasy-fueled 'rave' parties become dances of death for English youths

Randall, Teri

doi:10.1001/jama.268.12.1505

Cited by 99 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…[Neuropsychopharmacology 10:129-138, 1994J (± )3 ,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") is a synthetic analog of amphetamine and mescaline that has emerged as a popular recreational drug of abuse (Peroutka 1987;Anon 1991 ;Henry et al 1992), and has recently been characterized as the drug of choice for use in large organized social settings (Ran dall1992). Although MDMA is considered safe by most users (Eisner 1989;Randall 1992), there is compelling preclinical evidence that MDMA produces toxic effects on brain serotonin (5 -hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neu rons in animals (Stone et al 198 6;Schmidt 1987;Com mins et al 1987;Battaglia et al 1987;Ricaurte et al 1988 a;O'Hearn et al 1988 ). Furthermore, there is evi dence that in nonhuman primates, the neurotoxicity of MDMA is prolonged (lnsel et al 1989) and possibly permanent (Ricaurte et al 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin Neurotoxicity after (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstasy”): A Controlled Study in Humans

McCann¹,

Ridenour

Shaham

et al. 1994

Neuropsychopharmacol

307

174

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(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "Ecstasy"), an increasingly popular recreational drug, is known to damage brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons in experimental animals. Whether MDMA is neurotoxic in humans has not been established. Thirty MDMA users and 28 controls were admitted to a controlled inpatient setting for measurement of biologic and behavioral indexes of central 5-HT function. Outcome measures obtained after at least 2 weeks of drug abstinence included concentrations of monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), prolactin responses to L-tryptophan, nociceptive responses to ischemic pain, and personality characteristics in which 5-HT has been implicated (i.e., impulsivity and aggression). Subjects with a history of MDMA exposure had lower levels of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (the

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin Neurotoxicity after (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstasy”): A Controlled Study in Humans

McCann¹,

Ridenour

Shaham

et al. 1994

Neuropsychopharmacol

307

174

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“…Raves, meaning delirium or fury, are all-night dance parties attended by a large number of people, sometimes exceeding 20,000. The rave scene is international and may be accompanied by clandestine activities, hypnotic electronic music, and the liberal use of drugs (marijuana, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, and ketamine) in addition to ecstasy 20,21,[36][37][38][39] . Therefore, raves accumulate conditions that induce or increase the number of toxic or lethal cases induced by ecstasy because they are crowded, very noisy, and may develop high environmental temperatures 23,33 .…”

Section: Patterns Of Ecstasy Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, raves accumulate conditions that induce or increase the number of toxic or lethal cases induced by ecstasy because they are crowded, very noisy, and may develop high environmental temperatures 23,33 . Most of the patients with serious ecstasy intoxication present dehydration, fainting, or convulsions, and they frequently need treatment at hospital emergency departments 37 . Because of that, in some places where youngsters go to get the drug and to party, the "drug agencies" are specially prepared to assist ecstasy users and to minimize the adverse effects accompanying drug use 16 .…”

Section: Patterns Of Ecstasy Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Ecstasy intoxication: the toxicological basis for treatment

et al. 2003

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Youngsters are increasingly using 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, known as ecstasy, because it is wrongly believed that it does not induce harm. However, there are many reports of adverse effects, including acute intoxication, abuse potential, and possible neurotoxic effects. Therefore, health care providers need to promptly recognize the symptoms of systemic intoxication in order to initiate early treatment. The drug is used by the oral route for long hours during crowded dance parties. Acutely, ecstasy increases the release of serotonin and decreases its reuptake, leading to hypertension, hyperthermia, trismus, and vomiting. There is debate on whether recreational doses of ecstasy cause permanent damage to human serotonergic neurons. Ecstasy users showed a high risk of developing psychopathological disturbances. The prolonged use of ecstasy might induce dependence, characterized by tolerance and hangover. Acute ecstasy intoxication needs emergency-type treatment to avoid the dose-dependent increase in adverse reactions and in severity of complications. There are no specific antidotes to be used during acute intoxication. Supportive measures and medical treatment for each one of the complications should be implemented, keeping in mind that symptoms originate mainly from the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system.

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“…A maioria dos casos sérios de intoxicação relatados descrevem desmaios ou convulsões enquanto dançam. Quando há tempo, os usuários são levados para atendimento de emergência 33 .…”

Section: Como é Usado O "êXtase"unclassified

“…Nos casos fatais, o nível plasmático é de 6 a 70 vezes maior do que o acima 33 . Ainda não existem dados sobre o percentual de absorção da dose oral da MDMA 22 .…”

Section: Farmacocinética: Uma Explicação Para a Forma De Usounclassified

"Êxtase": revisão farmacológica

1998

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Neste estudo fez-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a 3,4- metilenodioximetan-fetamina (MDMA), mais conhecida como "êxtase", uma droga em expansão de abuso entre os jovens. Descreve-se o histórico, desde sua síntese até seu uso inicial como auxiliar em psicoterapia e, mais recentemente, como droga de abuso. Apresenta-se o perfil de uso em outros países, tentando prever o possível padrão de uso no Brasil, onde já se iniciou o abuso. O detalhamento sobre a farmacocinética da MDMA visa a justificar as conseqüências sobre a atividade farmacológica e toxicológica. Resumem-se as manifestações clínicas de toxicidade a curto e a médio prazo, descrevendo-se os efeitos na intoxicação grave com o "êxtase". São apresentados os estudos dos mecanismos de ação no sentido de justificar seus efeitos tóxicos psíquicos e físicos, detalhar os mecanismos pelos quais a droga é auto-administrada e as possibilidades terapêuticas para reverter os efeitos.

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Ecstasy-fueled 'rave' parties become dances of death for English youths

Cited by 99 publications

References 0 publications

Serotonin Neurotoxicity after (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstasy”): A Controlled Study in Humans

Serotonin Neurotoxicity after (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstasy”): A Controlled Study in Humans

Ecstasy intoxication: the toxicological basis for treatment

"Êxtase": revisão farmacológica

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