Ectomycorrhizae as Biological Deterrents to Pathogenic Root Infections

Marx, Donald H.

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.10.090172.002241

Cited by 275 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These results suggest that plant fitness both directly and indirectly through pine trees growing in stressful conditions were more altered relationships with other components of the C limited than those growing in more fertile soils, system (e.g. Marx 1972;Grime et al, 1987; and also suggests that herbivores can out compete Linderman, 1988;Malajczuk, 1988;Miller & Jast-mycorrhizal fungi for C in this system, row, 1990). These relationships might be difficult to disentangle.…”

Section: Defining Costs and Benefits In Mycorrhizal Systemsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism–parasitism continuum*

1997

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3 SUMMARYA great diversity of plants and fungi engage in mycorrhizal associations. In natural habitats, and in an ecologically meaningful time span, these associations have evolved to improve the fitness of both plant and fungal symbionts. In systems managed by humans, mycorrhizal associations often improve plant productivity, but this is not always the case. Mycorrhizal fungi might be considered to be parasitic on plants when net cost of the symbiosis exceeds net benefits. Parasitism can be developmentally induced, environmentally induced, or possibly genotypically induced. Morphological, phenological, and physiological characteristics of the symbionts influence the functioning of mycorrhizas at an individual scale. Biotic and abiotic factors at the rhizosphere, community, and ecosystem scales further mediate mycorrhizal functioning. Despite the complexity of mycorrhizal associations, it might be possible to construct predictive models of mycorrhizal functioning. These models will need to incorporate variables and parameters that account for differences in plant responses to, and control of, mycorrhizal fungi, and differences in fungal effects on, and responses to, the plant. Developing and testing quantitative models of mycorrhizal functioning in the real world requires creative experimental manipulations and measurements. This work will be facilitated by recent advances in molecular and biochemical techniques. A greater understanding of how mycorrhizas function in complex natural systems is a prerequisite to managing them in agriculture, forestry, and restoration.

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Section: Defining Costs and Benefits In Mycorrhizal Systemsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism–parasitism continuum*

1997

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“…Intraspecific genetic variation shown in this study could be used to screen genetically difFerent isolates before use in mycorrhizal trials. Indeed, genetic differences might reflect intraspecific variations in ectomycorrhizal aggressivity (Perry, Molina & Amaranthus, 1987;Sen, 1990fl, b;' VV' ong & Fortin, 1990;Albrecht, Burgess & Lapeyrie, 1994;Rosado, Kropp & Piche, 1994), the ability to improve mineral nutrition and growth of young host trees (Harley & Smith, 1983;Le Tacon, 1985;Harley, 1989;Lamhamedi et a/., 1990;Sen, \990b), the protection of root systems against phytopathogenic fungi (Marx, 1969;Marx, 1972;Perrin, 1985) and ability to compete with other ectomycorrhizal symbionts (McAfee & Fortin, 1986). This work shows that isozyme analysis combined with somatic incompatibility testing are efficient tools with which to study the population biology of ectomycorrhizal fungi found under forest trees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isozyme variation and somatic incompatibility in populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus collinitus

1996

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S0MM.4RYIsozyme variation and somatic incompatibility were investigated in order to study intraspecific genetic variation and to identify genets in natural populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus collinitus (Fr.) O. Kuntze, Forty-three isolates, obtained from basidiocarps collected in 11 forest sites under Pinus trees, were examined. Isozyme analysis indicated high intraspecific variation between isolates from the same location and from different locations. Phenetic analysis based on calculated dissimilarity values derived from isozyme banding patterns separated the isolates into two main groups (I and II) with 35 % dissimilarity. A specific and highly active acid phosphatase isoform (ACP-2) was detected in most group II isolates. Dikaryotic isolates displaying isozyme similarity coefficient of 100 % were found to be somatically compatible and were considered to originate from the same genet. The same genet was never found at more than two forest sites. This study showed a high correlation between the results of electrophoretic isozyme analysis and those of somatic incompatibility reactions. The results were discussed in terms of population biology.

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“…These compounds can range widely in function but a large proportion appear to be involved in inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other fungi (Keller et al, 2005). A major area of research in mycorrhizal ecology is the role of EM fungi in protecting plants from root pathogens (Marx, 1972;Fitter and Garbaye, 1994;Nagy and Fossdal, 2013). EM fungi have been shown in numerous studies to ward off fungal and bacterial root pathogens using secondary compounds.…”

Section: Other Secondary Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal necromass

Fernandez¹,

Langley

Chapman

et al. 2016

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

181

109

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a b s t r a c tThe turnover of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal biomass represents a significant input into forest carbon (C) and nutrient cycles. Given the size of these fluxes, understanding the factors that control the decomposition of this necromass will greatly improve understanding of C and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Recent research has highlighted the considerable variation in the decomposition rates of EM fungal necromass, and patterns from this research are beginning to emerge. In this article we review the research that has examined both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control the decomposition of EM fungal necromass and propose additional factors that may strongly influence EM fungal necromass decomposition and ecosystem properties. We argue that, as with most plant litters, the stoichiometry (C:N) of EM necromass is an important factor governing decomposition, but its role is modulated by the nature of the C and N in the tissue. In particular, melanin concentration appears to negatively influence the quality of EM fungal necromass much as lignin does in plant litters. Other intrinsic factors such as the morphology of the mycelium may also play a large role and suggest this as a focus for future research. Extrinsic factors, such as decomposer community activity and physical protection by soil, are also likely to be important in governing the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal necromass in situ. Finally, we highlight the potential importance of EM fungal necromass diversity and abundance in influencing terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. Understanding the factors that control the decomposition of EM necromass will then improve the predictive power of next-generation terrestrial biosphere models.

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Ectomycorrhizae as Biological Deterrents to Pathogenic Root Infections

Cited by 275 publications

References 19 publications

Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism–parasitism continuum*

Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism–parasitism continuum*

Isozyme variation and somatic incompatibility in populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus collinitus

The decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal necromass

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