Ectopic expression of Hox-2.3 induces craniofacial and skeletal malformations in transgenic mice

Posterior transformation, neurological abnormalities, and severe hematopoietic defects in mice with a targeted deletion of the bmi-1 proto-oncogene.

“…Also in the bmi-1 -/-mice it is unclear whether the broadening and the splitting of the atlas (C1) or the axis (C2) is true posterior transformation. However, a similar alteration is observed in hoxb-7 transgenic mice (McLain et al 1992;for new nomenclature, see Scott 1992), which simultaneously display posterior transformation of C7 to T1. Possibly, partial redundancy, because of overlapping expression of paralogs from the different hox clusters in the mouse, might obscure clear transformation.…”

“…The identity of a given vertebra has changed to that of the juxtaposed posterior vertebra, a feature described as posterior transformation. Several hox gain-and loss-of-function mutant mice show comparable posterior or anterior transformation of the axial skeleton (Kessel et al 1990;Chisaka and Capecchi 1991;Lufkin et al 1991Lufkin et al , 1992Jegalian and De Robertis 1992;Le Mouellic et al 1992;McLain et al 1992;Pollock et al 1992;Ramirez-Solis et al 1993), supporting the role of hox genes in the specification of structures along the anteroposterior axis of the developing embryo (for review, see Deschamps and Meijlink 1992;McGinnis and Krumlauf 1992). The effects of some hox mutations, however, are complex and difficult to identify as posterior or anterior transformation (Chisaka et al 1992).…”

Gsh‐1: A novel murine homeobox gene expressed in the central nervous system

“…Hox genes has been established by their homology to Drosophila genes of known developmental significance (McGinnis and Krumlauf, 19921, by their suggestive embryonic expression patterns (Holland and Hogan, 1988), and by both dominant gain of function (Wolgemuth et al, 1989;Kessel et al, 1990;Kaur et al, 1992;McLain et al, 1992;Jegalian and De Robertis, 1992;Pollock et al, 1992;Lufkin et al, 1992;Charite et al, 1994) and recessive loss of function (Chisaka and Capecchi, 1991;Lufkin et al, 1991;Chisaka et al, 1992;Mouellic et al, 1992;Ramirez-Solis et al, 1993;Dolle et al, 1993;Small and Potter, 1993) mutational analyses in mice.…”

Hox Genes and Teratogenic Factors

“…Among skeletal abnormalities, cleft palate phenotypes have been detected in Hoxa2 -/-mice (GendronMaguire et al, 1993). These phenotypes have also been observed in Hoxa7 and Hoxb7 gain of function mice (Balling et al, 1989;McLain et al, 1992). …”