Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 2 2015
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1871-9_11
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Ectoprocta

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Cited by 8 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…Similar neuromuscular systems are found in a number of species (Gruhl, , ). In the Bugula larva, this central area shows two flattened doughnut‐shaped blastemas, an outer, mainly ectodermal blastema and an inner mainly mesodermal blastema (Santagata, ). The corresponding layers, especially the mesodermal one, are thinner and less conspicuous in Alcyonidium and Flustrellidra .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similar neuromuscular systems are found in a number of species (Gruhl, , ). In the Bugula larva, this central area shows two flattened doughnut‐shaped blastemas, an outer, mainly ectodermal blastema and an inner mainly mesodermal blastema (Santagata, ). The corresponding layers, especially the mesodermal one, are thinner and less conspicuous in Alcyonidium and Flustrellidra .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, not all spiralians (i.e., animals belonging to the clade Spiralia) display a spiral cleavage pattern during embryogenesis. Recent spiralian phylogenies [ 27 32 ] indicate that clades that do not exhibit oblique cell divisions, such as the bryozoans [ 33 ], brachiopods [ 34 ], gastrotrichs [ 35 ], and rotifers [ 36 ], must have modified or lost the ancestral spiral cleavage pattern during evolution [ 5 , 37 ] (Fig. 1 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Green circles with question mark indicate preliminary, but not conclusive evidence of a spiral cleavage geometry in Gnathostomulida [ 183 ]. Spiralian relationships based on [ 27 , 29 32 ], and cleavage data based on [ 5 ] (most clades), [ 184 ] (Phoronida), [ 185 , 186 ] (Entoprocta), [ 33 ] (Bryozoa), [ 34 ] (Brachiopoda), [ 35 ] (Gastrotricha), and [ 36 ] (Rotifera). Dashed lines indicate alternative placements for Bryozoa …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Larvae of ectoprocts and entoprocts have multiciliated neuronal cells and other multiciliated cell types involved in various sensory, feeding, and locomotory functions (Fuchs & Wanninger, 2008;Santagata, 2008aSantagata, , 2008bWanninger et al, 2007). The nonfeeding larval forms of cheilostome bryozoans and the creeping larval types of both solitary and colonial entoprocts share more morphological similarities, as these short-lived larvae are mainly adapted for ciliary swimming, crawling, and responding to various kinds of external stimuli before metamorphosis (Santagata, 2008a(Santagata, , 2008b(Santagata, , 2015bWanninger, 2015). Internal structures of the nervous systems and other tissues among these larval forms are quite different (Santagata, 2015b;Wanninger, 2015), supporting the hypothesis that their shared external larval features have been acquired as the result of convergent evolution possibly due to functional constraints of ciliary-based propulsion (Emlet, 1994).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The nonfeeding larval forms of cheilostome bryozoans and the creeping larval types of both solitary and colonial entoprocts share more morphological similarities, as these short-lived larvae are mainly adapted for ciliary swimming, crawling, and responding to various kinds of external stimuli before metamorphosis (Santagata, 2008a(Santagata, , 2008b(Santagata, , 2015bWanninger, 2015). Internal structures of the nervous systems and other tissues among these larval forms are quite different (Santagata, 2015b;Wanninger, 2015), supporting the hypothesis that their shared external larval features have been acquired as the result of convergent evolution possibly due to functional constraints of ciliary-based propulsion (Emlet, 1994). Epithelial surfaces of both feeding and nonfeeding larval forms of phoronids and brachiopods are comprised largely of monociliated neuronal cells and other monociliated cell types (Santagata, 2002(Santagata, , 2015a(Santagata, , 2015c.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%