“…In higher education, a growing body of research has encouraged a move away from traditional methods of knowledge transmission in favour of active learning methods (Dancy, Henderson, & Turpen, 2016; Deslauriers, Schelew, & Wieman, 2011; Freeman et al, 2014). At the frontier of theory and practice, active learning refers to a wide range of instructional methods based on social constructivist theories and/or technological innovations aiming to engage students in learning (Bonwell & Eison, 1991; Cassidy, Charles, & Slotta, 2019; Chickering & Gamson, 1991; Harton, Richardson, Barreras, Rockloff, & Latané, 2002; Mathie et al, 1993; Zepke & Leach, 2010). Theoretically, active learning can be subdivided into different categories, and Chi (2009) proposed a framework of differentiated overt learning activities as active, constructive, and interactive based on their underlying cognitive principles and their effectiveness on students' learning outcomes.…”