Editorial: Apoptosis is Critical to Pain Control

Adams, James D.

doi:10.4236/ojapo.2013.23003

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The most abundant pain sensors are in the skin and are called the transient receptor potential cation channels (TRP) [ 22 ]. The TRP family contains many members, such as the vanilloid receptors (TRPV), the canonical receptors (TRPC), the ankyrin repeat receptors (TRPA), the polycystin recaptors (TRPP), the melastatin receptors (TRPM), and the mucolipin receptors (TRPML) [ 22 ].…”

Section: Definition and Mechanisms Of Pain—a Brief Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoptosis and (in) Pain—Potential Clinical Implications

et al. 2022

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The deregulation of apoptosis is involved in the development of several pathologies, and recent evidence suggests that apoptosis may be involved in chronic pain, namely in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain state caused by primary damage or dysfunction of the nervous system; however, the details of the molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Recently, it was found that nerve endings contain transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that sense and detect signals released by injured tissues and respond to these damage signals. TRP channels are similar to the voltage-gated potassium channels or nucleotide-gated channels that participate in calcium and magnesium homeostasis. TRP channels allowing calcium to penetrate into nerve terminals can activate apoptosis, leading to nerve terminal destruction. Further, some TRPs are activated by acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are mainly produced in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and an increase in ROS production and/or a decrease in the antioxidant network may induce oxidative stress (OS). Depending on the OS levels, they can promote cellular proliferation and/or cell degeneration or death. Previous studies have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), play an important role in the peripheral mediation of neuropathic pain. This article aims to perform a review of the involvement of apoptosis in pain, particularly the role of OS and neuroinflammation, and the clinical relevance of this knowledge. The potential discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets can result in the development of more effective and targeted drugs to treat chronic pain, namely neuropathic pain. Highlights: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can activate cell signaling pathways that can lead to nerve terminal destruction by apoptosis. These could constitute potential new pain biomarkers and targets for therapy in neuropathic pain.

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Section: Definition and Mechanisms Of Pain—a Brief Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoptosis and (in) Pain—Potential Clinical Implications

et al. 2022

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“…Excessive calcium permeability can cause apoptosis of sensory terminals. This causes long term pain relief until nerve terminals can be regenerated [ 4 ]. TRPs are also involved in inflammation in the skin and other sites in the body [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Yin, Yang and Qi in the Skin on Pain

Adams

2016

Medicines

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The most effective and safe treatment site for pain is in the skin. This chapter discusses the reasons to treat pain in the skin. Pain is sensed in the skin through transient receptor potential cation channels and other receptors. These receptors have endogenous agonists (yang) and antagonists (yin) that help the body control pain. Acupuncture works through modulation of these receptor activities (qi) in the skin; as do moxibustion and liniments. The treatment of pain in the skin has the potential to save many lives and improve pain therapy in most patients.

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“…Among these, 11 pathways were considered the vital mechanisms involved in all of these three diseases. Neuronal apoptosis is a significant contributor to the development of hyperalgesia and sensitization particularly in neuropathic pain [ 79 ], and it is related to apoptosis-associated proteins such as caspases [ 80 ]. CP is associated with chronic neuroinflammation, the local inflammation in the peripheral or central nervous system [ 81 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Persistent chronic inflammation also increases the development of neurodegenerative diseases [ 82 ]. As an essential mechanism leading to neurodegeneration, apoptosis is also implicated [ 79 ] in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases, such as anxiety and depression [ 83 ]. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), contributing to an inflammatory and oxidative response [ 84 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A network pharmacology approach to predict potential targets and mechanisms of “ Ramulus Cinnamomi (cassiae) – Paeonia lactiflora ” herb pair in the treatment of chronic pain with comorbid anxiety and depression

Pan

Wei

et al. 2022

Annals of Medicine

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Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions have multiple bioactive properties. “Gui Zhi–Shao Yao” herb pair is widely used to treat chronic pain (CP), as well as anxiety and depression. However, its related targets and underlying mechanisms have not been deciphered. Methods In this study, the network pharmacology method was used to explore the bioactive components and targets of “Gui Zhi–Shao Yao” herb pair and further elucidate its potential biological mechanisms of action in the treatment of CP with comorbid anxiety disorder (AD) and mental depression (MD). Results Following a series of analyses, we identified 15 active compounds, hitting 130 potential targets. After the intersections the targets of this herb pair and CP, AD and MD – sorted by the value of degree – nine targets were identified as the vital ones: Akt1, IL6, TNF, PTGS2, JUN, CASP3, MAPK8, PPARγ and NOS3. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis results demonstrated 11 pathways, such as AGE-RAGE signalling pathway, IL-17 signalling pathway, TNF signalling pathway, which primarily participate in the pathological processes. Conclusions This study preliminarily predicted and verified the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of “Gui Zhi–Shao Yao” herb pair for treating CP with comorbid AD and MD from a holistic perspective. In vivo and in vitro experiments will be required to further investigate the mechanisms. KEY MESSAGE A network pharmacology approach was applied to identify key targets and molecular mechanisms. Nine targets were regarded as the vital targets for chronic pain with comorbid anxiety and depression. Predicted 11 pathways were the potential therapy targets and pharmacological mechanism of “Gui Zhi–Shao Yao” herb pair.

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Editorial: Apoptosis is Critical to Pain Control

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Apoptosis and (in) Pain—Potential Clinical Implications

Apoptosis and (in) Pain—Potential Clinical Implications

The Effects of Yin, Yang and Qi in the Skin on Pain

A network pharmacology approach to predict potential targets and mechanisms of “ Ramulus Cinnamomi (cassiae) – Paeonia lactiflora ” herb pair in the treatment of chronic pain with comorbid anxiety and depression

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