Editorial: Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative aspects of acute and long COVID

Almulla, Abbas F.; Al-Hakeim, Hussein K.

doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1343930

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

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Long COVID elevated MMP-9 and release from microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein

Kempuraj,

Tsilioni,

Aenlle

et al. 2024

Translational Neuroscience

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Objective Long COVID is a major health concern because many patients develop chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms, but the precise pathogenesis is unknown. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) can disrupt neuronal connectivity and be elevated in patients with long COVID. Methods In this study, MMP-9 was measured in the serum of long COVID patients and healthy controls, as well as in the supernatant fluid of cultured human microglia cell line stimulated by recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spike protein, as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and neurotensin (NT) used as positive controls. MMP-9 was measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results MMP-9 was significantly elevated in the serum of long COVID patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, there was significant release of MMP-9 from a cultured human microglia cell line stimulated by LPS, NT, or Spike protein. We further show that pretreatment with the flavonoids luteolin and tetramethoxyluteolin (methlut) significantly inhibited the release of MMP-9 stimulated by the Spike protein. Conclusion MMP-9 from Spike protein-stimulated microglia could contribute to the development of long COVID and may serve as a target for treatment including the use of luteolin.

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Long COVID elevated MMP-9 and release from microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein

Kempuraj,

Tsilioni,

Aenlle

et al. 2024

Translational Neuroscience

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Increased Serum MMP-9 in Long-COVID May Reflect Activation of Microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Kempuraj,

Tsilioni,

Aenlle

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Long-COVID is a major health concern because many patients develop chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms, but the precise pathogenesis is unknown. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) can disrupt neuronal connectivity and was elevated in patients with COVID-19. MMP-9 was measured in the serum of long COVID patients and healthy controls, as well as in the supernatant fluid of cultured human SV-40 microglia, by commercial ELISA. Results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. MMP-9 in the serum of Long-COVID patients and supernatant fluid from cultured human microglia stimulated by recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein was assayed by ELISA. MMP-9 was significantly elevated in the serum of Long-COVID patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, cultured human microglia released MMP-9 when stimulated by Spike protein. In conclusion, MMP-9 may contribute to the development of Long-COVID and serve both as a prognostic biomarker and as target for treatment.

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Editorial: Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative aspects of acute and long COVID

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

Long COVID elevated MMP-9 and release from microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein

Long COVID elevated MMP-9 and release from microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein

Increased Serum MMP-9 in Long-COVID May Reflect Activation of Microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

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