Editorial: The psychopathology <i>p</i> factor: will it revolutionise the science and practice of child and adolescent psychiatry?

Ronald, Angelica

doi:10.1111/jcpp.13063

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In addition, given the broad range of psychopathologies seen after exposure to CM, it would be helpful to include a measurement of global psychopathology in the form of the p factor in both males and females. For a detailed review on the p factor and its relationship to CM see Caspi et al (2014), Ronald (2019). Additional studies using objective measurable outcomes such as imaging, neurocognitive testing, and peripheral markers should provide important details about how different types of CM alter specific circuits in males and females.…”

Section: Challenges and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Moderating Effects of Sex on Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment: From Clinical Studies to Animal Models

White

Kaffman

2019

Front. Neurosci.

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Stress has pronounced effects on the brain, and thus behavioral outputs. This is particularly true when the stress occurs during vulnerable points in development. A review of the clinical literature regarding the moderating effects of sex on psychopathology in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment (CM) is complicated by a host of variables that are difficult to quantify and control in clinical settings. As a result, the precise role of sex in moderating the consequences of CM remains elusive. In this review, we explore the rationale for studying this important question and their implications for treatment. We examine this issue using the threat/deprivation conceptual framework and highlight a growing body of work demonstrating important sex differences in human studies and in animal models of early life stress (ELS). The challenges and obstacles for effectively studying this question are reviewed and are followed by recommendations on how to move forward at the clinical and preclinical settings. We hope that this review will help inspire additional studies on this important topic.

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Section: Challenges and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Moderating Effects of Sex on Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment: From Clinical Studies to Animal Models

White

Kaffman

2019

Front. Neurosci.

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“…In children, factor analyses show that different forms of psychopathology converge onto specific “emotional” (internalizing) and “behavioural” (externalizing) factors as well as a general “p” factor. However, such studies typically have not included measures of ASD and do not examine whether associations change with age (Ronald 2019 ). In adulthood, recent studies have highlighted the presence of a specific “thought disorder” factor, as well as “emotional” and “behavioural” factors that aggregate into one general psychopathology dimension (Caspi and Moffitt 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Genetics to Examine a General Liability to Childhood Psychopathology

et al. 2019

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Psychiatric disorders show phenotypic as well as genetic overlaps. There are however also marked developmental changes throughout childhood. We investigated the extent to which, for a full range of early childhood psychopathology, a general "p" factor was explained by genetic liability, as indexed by multiple different psychiatric polygenic risk scores (PRS) and whether these relationships altered with age. The sample was a UK, prospective, population-based cohort with psychopathology data at age 7 (N = 8161) and age 13 (N = 7017). PRS were generated from large published genome-wide association studies. At both ages, we found evidence for a childhood "p" factor as well as for specific factors. Schizophrenia and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) PRS were associated with this general "p" factor at both ages but depression and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) PRS were not. We also found some evidence of associations between schizophrenia, ADHD and depression PRS with specific factors, but these were less robust and there was evidence for developmental changes.

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“…Recently, research has also shed light on the benefits of describing mental health problems as distress continua rather than as discrete diagnosis specific constructs. For example, several studies show that modelling psychopathological symptoms as a continuous latent factor captures a wide range of mental health symptomatology, in terms of both severity and breadth of symptomatology 24 – 28 and even seems to generalise well to other disorders 25 . Therefore, such latent continuous constructs may be particularly informative for transdiagnostic prevention and intervention research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embracing the positive: an examination of how well resilience factors at age 14 can predict distress at age 17

et al. 2020

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One-in-two people suffering from mental health problems develop such distress before or during adolescence. Research has shown that distress can predict itself well over time. Yet, little is known about how well resilience factors (RFs), i.e. those factors that decrease mental health problems, predict subsequent distress. Therefore, we investigated which RFs are the best indicators for subsequent distress and with what accuracy RFs predict subsequent distress. We examined three interpersonal (e.g. friendships) and seven intrapersonal RFs (e.g. self-esteem) and distress in 1130 adolescents, at age 14 and 17. We estimated the RFs and a continuous distress-index using factor analyses, and ordinal distress-classes using factor mixture models. We then examined how well age-14 RFs and age-14 distress predict age-17 distress, using stepwise linear regressions, relative importance analyses, as well as ordinal and linear prediction models. Low brooding, low negative and high positive self-esteem RFs were the most important indicators for age-17 distress. RFs and age-14 distress predicted age-17 distress similarly. The accuracy was acceptable for ordinal (low/ moderate/high age-17 distress-classes: 62-64%), but low for linear models (37-41%). Crucially, the accuracy remained similar when only self-esteem and brooding RFs were used instead of all ten RFs (ordinal = 62%; linear = 37%); correctly predicting for about two-in-three adolescents whether they have low, moderate or high distress 3 years later. RFs, and particularly brooding and self-esteem, seem to predict subsequent distress similarly well as distress can predict itself. As assessing brooding and self-esteem can be strength-focussed and is time-efficient, those RFs may be promising for risk-detection and translational intervention research.

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Editorial: The psychopathology p factor: will it revolutionise the science and practice of child and adolescent psychiatry?

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

The Moderating Effects of Sex on Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment: From Clinical Studies to Animal Models

The Moderating Effects of Sex on Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment: From Clinical Studies to Animal Models

Using Genetics to Examine a General Liability to Childhood Psychopathology

Embracing the positive: an examination of how well resilience factors at age 14 can predict distress at age 17

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