“…In sum, from a theoretical standpoint, four elements of design, along with the participatory notion of design, have certain advantages for constructing a network of actors. In particular, through value co-creation (i.e., from highly fundamental to pragmatic and relational methods), design can create a unique condition for transcending a current situation into a desirable future from which knowledge and experiences can be created through the relations between actors [23,143]. In this case, the integration of the aforementioned aspects of design (fundamental, pragmatic, reflective, and kaleidoscopic notions of design), along with the design tendency to empower actors to co-create value in a complex context, has a great capacity to construct controversies in a social system [109,117,131].…”