Education and APOE-e4 in Longitudinal Cognitive Decline: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

Seeman, Teresa E.; Huang, Mei‐Hua; Bretsky, Philip; Crimmins, Eileen M.; Launer, Lenore J.; Guralnik, Jack M.

doi:10.1093/geronb/60.2.p74

Cited by 71 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, already at base- line the ApoE e4 non-carriers achieved slightly better mean raw scores than the ApoE e4 carriers on all but one 13 CVLT variables and on five out of nine main CERAD-NAB variables investigated, and some of these differences were significant. This is noteworthy since, as a group, the ApoE e4 non-carriers comprised a higher percentage of female subjects and had significantly fewer years of formal education than the ApoE e4 carriers, and since higher levels of education are usually associated with better performance on cognitive tests (Seeman et al, 2005). The study was primarily focused on mean practice effects, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of APOE status on cognitive maintenance in healthy elderly persons

Zehnder¹,

Bläsi²,

Berres

et al. 2008

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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The epsilon4 allele of the ApoE gene has a negative impact on cognitive performance, notably on episodic memory functions, in physically and mentally healthy aged persons. Practice effects seen in carriers of the ApoE epsilon4 were inferior in most areas tested to the effects seen in ApoE epsilon4 non-carriers. Further follow-up of these subjects will help to determine the clinical significance of these findings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of APOE status on cognitive maintenance in healthy elderly persons

Zehnder¹,

Bläsi²,

Berres

et al. 2008

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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“…In a recent study of 557 community-dwelling Spanish men and women over aged 65 years, less education (no primary school education vs. primary school) was associated with increased odds of cognitive decline over 4 years (OR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.16, 4.81) [7] . More recently, Seeman et al [9] , after following 895 community-dwelling men and women for 3-7 years, observed increasingly better cognitive performance on tests of memory, naming, spatial recognition, fi gures/copying, and similarities with increasing educational attainment (categorized as 0-8 years, 9-11 years, 12 years, and college or more) increased [9] . Finally, in the Nurses' Health Study of 19,319 community-dwelling women aged 70-79 years, Lee et al [8] found a signifi cantly decreased risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.36, 0.66) and of cognitive decline (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50, 0.86) in women with a graduate degree compared with an RN diploma, after adjusting for potential confounders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have indicated an association between educational attainment and both cognitive function and cognitive decline over time [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . However, most of these studies have generally examined populations with somewhat low levels of education, and it is less clear whether this relation persists among more highly educated groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relation of Education and Income to Cognitive Function among Professional Women

Lee

Buring²,

Cook

et al. 2006

Neuroepidemiology

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We investigated the relation of educational attainment and annual household income to cognitive function and cognitive decline in community-dwelling women aged 66 years or older. Subjects were 6,314 health professionals participating in the Women’s Health Study, among whom information on education and income was self-reported. From 1998 to 2000, we administered five cognitive tests, measuring general cognition, episodic memory and verbal fluency, using a validated telephone interview. Second cognitive assessments were conducted approximately 2 years later; information was complete for 5,573 women at the time of analysis, with 94% follow-up. We used linear and logistic regression to calculate multivariate-adjusted mean differences as well as odds of cognitive impairment (defined as worst 10% of test distribution) and of substantial decline in performance (worst 10% of distribution), across various levels of education and income. After adjusting for numerous potential confounding factors, we found strong trends of increasing mean cognitive performance with increasing level of education (p trend < 0.0005 on all cognitive measures). Odds of cognitive impairment also consistently decreased with increasing education. For income, we found significant trends of increasing mean cognitive performance with increasing income on the summary score and on episodic memory (p trends < 0.0001). Results were generally similar for cognitive decline over 2 years, although slightly weaker. Thus, in these well-educated, professional women, educational attainment and income both predicted cognitive function and decline.

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“…Some studies that examined the interaction between APOE and education for cognitive decline found that education could have limited protective power in young-old age. Using a 7-year follow-up period data, Seeman et al (2005) reported that the presence of the ε4 allele may reduce the effect of education. Moreover, van Gerven et al (2012), who followed their study's participants over a period of 12 years, found that older, highly educated carriers of the APOE ε4 allele demonstrated a more pronounced decline than younger, lower educated carriers, and noncarriers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used a dichotomous classification for participants as either ε4 allele carriers or noncarriers in this analysis; previous research examining the relationship between APOE and cognitive function suggested that the presence of either one or two APOE ε4 alleles could influence the risk of cognitive function in old age (Seeman et al 2005;Tang et al 1998). Among the visit survey participants, we successfully collected sufficient blood samples to analyze the APOE genotype.…”

Section: Study Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the APOE ε4 allele and education on cognitive function in Japanese centenarians

Ishioka

Gondo

Fuku

et al. 2016

AGE

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Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and education have been reported to affect the cognitive function in young-old adults. However, the effects and interactions of the ε4 allele and education on cognitive function in very old age, particularly in centenarians, are not well known. We studied 542 Japanese centenarians. Using the data in total of 452 participants (74 men and 378 women, mean age 103.6 ± 3.2 years) who were genotyped and assessed cognitive function with the Mini-Mental States Examination (MMSE), we examined the effects and interactions of the ε4 allele and education on the MMSE score. First, we coded education as three levels: low, middle, and high based on the formal educational levels (analysis 1). Second, to clarify the modifying effect of education, we adopted a new coding for education into two levels, considering a periodical background (around 1900) of gender differences in educational attainments (analysis 2). In analysis 1, the main effects of the ε4 allele and education on the MMSE score were significant after adjusting for age. Further, there was a significant three-way interaction effect between the ε4 allele, education, and gender on the MMSE. Analysis 2 showed that the modifying effect of the ε4 allele by education was observed only in women with the ε4 allele. These findings suggest that both the APOE ε4 allele and education appear to be associated with cognitive function even in centenarians, but the interaction between the ε4 allele and education might depend on gender in this cohort.

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Education and APOE-e4 in Longitudinal Cognitive Decline: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

Cited by 71 publications

References 40 publications

Impact of APOE status on cognitive maintenance in healthy elderly persons

Impact of APOE status on cognitive maintenance in healthy elderly persons

The Relation of Education and Income to Cognitive Function among Professional Women

Effects of the APOE ε4 allele and education on cognitive function in Japanese centenarians

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