Education and Income Predict Future Emotional Well-Being of Whites but Not Blacks: A Ten-Year Cohort

Assari, Shervin; Preiser, Brianna; Kelly, Marisa

doi:10.3390/brainsci8070122

Cited by 96 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…A number of studies have shown that education generates less income in Blacks than Whites (48,49). In another study, controlling for income explained MDRs of education on SRH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Under labor market discrimination, highly educated Blacks may have a lower chance to secure high quality, low stress, and high paying jobs (45)(46)(47). Thus highly educated non-Hispanic Blacks make lower income and are more likely to live under poverty despite high educational level, compared to non-Hispanic Whites with the same education (44,48,49). On top of labor market discrimination, interpersonal discrimination is a major risk in the life of highly educated Blacks, because highly educated Blacks are likely to have higher not lower exposure and vulnerability to discrimination (27,(50)(51)(52).…”

Section: Due To Multiple Societal Mechanisms Ses Indicators May Genementioning

confidence: 99%

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Education and Income Better Boost the Health of Non-Hispanic White than Black Americans

Assari

Bazargan

2020

Preprint

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Background. Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education and income influence population health including but not limited to self-rated health (SRH). Based on Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, we observe weaker health effects SES indicators for non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites. While such diminished returns of SES resources are shown in nationally representative data and Michigan data, there is still a need to replicate these findings in other settings. This is particularly relevant because the effects of social SES indicators are not universal but vary across geographic locations. This cross-sectional study tested racial differences in the effects of high educational attainment and income on SRH among Californian adults. Methods. Survey of California Adults on Serious Illness and End-of-Life is a representative survey of Californian adults conducted for the California Health Care Foundation. The independent variables were educational attainment and income. The main outcome was poor/fair SRH. Age, gender, marital status, and employment were control variables (confounders). Racial group membership was the effect modifier. Linear regression model was utilized to analyze the data. Results. Overall, higher education and income were associated with better SRH. Race showed significant statistical interactions with education and income on SRH, indicating weaker boosting effects of high education and income on SRH of non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. At least some of the diminished return of education on health for non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites was due to income. Conclusions. While high education and income improve SRH of Californians, these effects are unequal between non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites with education and income showing diminished health returns for non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. More than the availability of education and income, what populations can do with their education and income may be important. Under segregation, racism, and discrimination, education and income have weaker effects on changing the living condition of the historically oppressed racial group. To close the existing racial gap in health, we need much more than equalizing access to education and income. Education quality of urban public schools should be improved. Types of occupations that are available in Black communities should be improved. Meanwhile, non-Hispanic Black middle class should be helped so they can better leverage their SES resources and turn to outcomes. Such changes need a through change to the living conditions of non-Hispanic Blacks across all SES levels.

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“…A number of studies have shown that education generates less income in Blacks than Whites (48,49). In another study, controlling for income explained MDRs of education on SRH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Due To Multiple Societal Mechanisms Ses Indicators May Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Education and Income Better Boost the Health of Non-Hispanic White than Black Americans

Assari

Bazargan

2020

Preprint

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“…We also observed a mean of 12.8 years of education, which suggests that our sample was a well-educated group. Participants were still living in low SES areas, suggesting that education has smaller than expected effects on changing AA life conditions [52][53][54][55][56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Polypharmacy Is Associated with Lower Memory Function in African American Older Adults

et al. 2020

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Although previous research has linked polypharmacy to lower cognitive function in the general population, we know little about this association among economically challenged African American (AA) older adults. This study explored the link between polypharmacy and memory function among AA older adults. This community-based study recruited 399 AA older adults who were 65+ years old and living in economically disadvantaged areas of South Los Angeles. Polypharmacy (taking 5+ medications) was the independent variable, memory function was the outcome variable (continuous variable), and gender, age, living arrangement, socioeconomic status (educational attainment and financial strain), health behaviors (current smoking and any binge drinking), and multimorbidity (number of chronic diseases) were the covariates. Linear regression was used for data analyses. Polypharmacy was associated with lower scores on memory function, above and beyond covariates. Among AA older adults, polypharmacy may be linked to worse cognitive function. Future research should test the mechanisms by which polypharmacy is associated with lower levels of cognitive decline. There is a need for screening for memory problems in AA older adults who are exposed to polypharmacy.

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“…As a result of MDRs , the health effects of SES indicators such as educational attainment and income are diminished for racial and ethnic minority groups. Thus, diverse race/ethnic groups not only vary in their SES (Navarro, 1991(Navarro, , 1990(Navarro, , 1989) but also how their SES turns to health outcomes Assari, Preiser, & Kelly, 2018). As a result, it is "race/ethnicity and SES" not "race/ethnicity or SES" that generates racial and ethnic health disparities (Navarro, 1991(Navarro, , 1990(Navarro, , 1989 Although high education and income reduces exposure to risk factors overall (Lunau, Siegrist, Dragano, & Wahrendorf, 2015;Hackman, Gallop, Evans, & Farah, 2015), Blacks and Hispanics with high education and income report high level of environmental risk factors such as stress , discrimination , and active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke (Assari & Mistry, 2018;Assari & Bazargan, 2009;Assari, Mistry, & Bazargan, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

Assari¹,

Chalian²,

Bazargan³

2020

RHS

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Background: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) such as Chronic Obstructive PulmonaryDisease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for marginalized populations such as racial and ethnic minorities compared to the socially privileged groups such as non-Hispanic Whites. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education and income on CLDs.Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, the current study explored racial and ethnic variation in the associations between educational attainment and income and CLDs among American adults.Methods: In this study, we analyzed data (n = 25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013 and 2014. Wave one of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health(PATH)-Adult study was used. The independent variables were educational attainment (less than high school = 1, high school graduate = 2, and college graduate = 3) and income (living out of poverty = 1, living in poverty = 0). The dependent variable was any CLDs (i.e., COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma). Age, gender, employment, and region were the covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderators. Logistic regressions were fitted to analyze the data.Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment and those with higher income (who lived out of poverty) had lower odds of CLDs. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with 49 Published by SCHOLINK INC. educational attainment and income, suggesting that the protective effects of high education and income on reducing odds of CLDs were smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusions: Education and income better reduce the risk of CLDs among Whites than Hispanics andBlacks. That means we should expect disproportionately higher than expected risk of CLDs in Hispanics and Blacks with high SES. Future research should test if high levels of environmental risk factors contribute to the high risk of CLDs in high income and highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policy makers should not reduce health inequalities to SES gaps because disparities sustain across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems. 58 Published by SCHOLINK INC.Hispanic people, a rate which is disproportionate to their SES. Researchers should know that health disparities are not merely due to the additive but also multiplicative effects of race, ethnicity and SES.Real solution to racial and health disparities in CLDs is not only increasing SES of Blacks and Hispanic but also empowering them to translate their available SES resources to health outcomes. Public policies that are needed should go beyond equalizing SES and specifically address societal barriers, environmental risk factors, and structural factors that endanger the health and well-...

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Education and Income Predict Future Emotional Well-Being of Whites but Not Blacks: A Ten-Year Cohort

Cited by 96 publications

References 84 publications

Education and Income Better Boost the Health of Non-Hispanic White than Black Americans

Education and Income Better Boost the Health of Non-Hispanic White than Black Americans

Polypharmacy Is Associated with Lower Memory Function in African American Older Adults

Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

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