Education and Labor Market Participation of Women in Asia: Evidence from Five Countries

Cameron, Lisa; Dowling, John Malcolm; Worswick, Christopher

doi:10.1086/452511

Cited by 73 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Second, there is evidence that income effects play an important role in the FLFP decision; that is, many low-income women work because they need to, not because they want to. These results fall in line with Cameron, Dowling, and Worswick (2001)'s finding that Indonesian women with poorly educated husbands (i.e., those with limited earning power) are more likely to participate in the labor market compared to women with better-educated husbands. Cameron, Dowling, and Worswick (2001) also find that women with higher education levels are more likely to participate in the labor market, a finding that suggests that FLFP is also influenced by substitution effects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…These results fall in line with Cameron, Dowling, and Worswick (2001)'s finding that Indonesian women with poorly educated husbands (i.e., those with limited earning power) are more likely to participate in the labor market compared to women with better-educated husbands. Cameron, Dowling, and Worswick (2001) also find that women with higher education levels are more likely to participate in the labor market, a finding that suggests that FLFP is also influenced by substitution effects. Finally, many women work in the informal sector, and there is evidence that informal sector work may be more attractive for women with childcare responsibilities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Female Labor Force Participation in Asia: Indonesia Country Study

Schaner

Das

2016

SSRN Journal

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This paper uses over 20 years of data from Indonesia's labor force survey to study trends in female labor force participation (FLFP). We find that younger women in urban areas have increased their labor force participation in recent years, largely through wage employment, while younger women in rural areas have reduced their labor force participation, largely by opting out of informal, unpaid employment. We find evidence that wage jobs are more desirable than other types of work and that many women exit wage work due to family and childcare constraints. We outline a research-policy evaluation of female-centered vocational training and job placement services, which may be effective tools to increase FLFP. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Note: In this publication, "$" refers to US dollars.The ADB Economics Working Paper Series is a forum for stimulating discussion and eliciting feedback on ongoing and recently completed research and policy studies undertaken by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) staff, consultants, or resource persons. The series deals with key economic and development problems, particularly those facing the Asia and Pacific region; as well as conceptual, analytical, or methodological issues relating to project/program economic analysis, and statistical data and measurement. The series aims to enhance the knowledge on Asia's development and policy challenges; strengthen analytical rigor and quality of ADB's country partnership strategies, and its subregional and country operations; and improve the quality and availability of statistical data and development indicators for monitoring development effectiveness.The ADB Economics Working Paper Series is a quick-disseminating, informal publication whose titles could subsequently be revised for publication as articles in professional journals or chapters in books. The series is maintained by the Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department. CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES ivABSTRACT v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Female Labor Force Participation in Asia: Indonesia Country Study

Schaner

Das

2016

SSRN Journal

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“…Low education is a barrier to entry into formal, paid employment (Grown et al 2005). Secondary and post-secondary education are strongly associated with labor force participation (Cameron, Dowling, & Worswick 2001;Mammen & Paxson 2000), but most girls who marry early do not reach that level. Young married girls whose schooling is cut short also lack the knowledge base and the marketable skills needed for formal work, and are confined to informal or home-based type work, typically characterized by inferior working conditions and lower (or nonexistent) incomes.…”

Section: Labor Force Participationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: A Review of the Literature

Parsons¹,

Edmeades²,

Kes³

et al. 2015

The Review of Faith & International Affairs

280

197

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“…The extent of earnings discrimination is substantial in Bangladesh; after controlling for educational attainment, experience, region of residence and religion, Asadullah (2006) finds that females earn 65.3% less than males. Moreover, Salmon (2002) reports that female labour force participation in Bangladesh is only 22.8%; it is possible that labour markets have an adequate supply of educated males and therefore refuse to alter patriarchal preferences (Brinton et al, 1995;Behrman et al, 1999;Cameron et al, 2001). These findings on labour market discrimination imply that household monetary returns from investing in boys' education are greater than the monetary returns from investing in girls' education.…”

Section: Persistence Of a Pro-male Educational Gender Gap?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A reversal of educational fortune? Educational gender gaps in Bangladesh

Shafiq

2008

J of Intl Development

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Historically, educational gender gaps in Bangladesh persisted as households invested more in the education of boys than girls. Recent anecdotal and descriptive reports, however, claim that Bangladesh has achieved gender parity in education. Using advanced empirical methods and nationally representative data, this study finds that urban and rural boys (relative to urban and rural girls) have a 7.4-27.4% lower likelihood of being enrolled in school, 0.4-1.5 fewer years of educational attainment and 9.7-30.8% lower likelihood of being literate. These findings draw attention to the causes of the reversal in the educational gender gap in Bangladesh. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Education and Labor Market Participation of Women in Asia: Evidence from Five Countries

Cited by 73 publications

References 9 publications

Female Labor Force Participation in Asia: Indonesia Country Study

Female Labor Force Participation in Asia: Indonesia Country Study

Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: A Review of the Literature

A reversal of educational fortune? Educational gender gaps in Bangladesh

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