Education and Revolutions (Why Do Some Revolutions Take up Arms while Others Do Not?)

Abstract

Despite the existence of numerous hypotheses about what factors influence protesters’ choice of armed vs. unarmed struggle tactics, today there is a dearth of global, quantitative cross-national studies aimed at identifying the reasons why revolutions take a violent vs. a non-violent form. The article attempts to fill one of the gaps existing here by conducting a crossnational analysis of the relationship between education and the type of revolutionary action. Based on the existing literature, the authors document several mechanisms that nudge educated people to choose unarmed forms of protest. In particular, education makes people more receptive to liberal-democratic valu es (including recognition and respect for the rights of others), promotes the development of tolerance and a culture of peaceful discussion, as well as increases human capital, which, on the one hand, makes it possible to successfully use non-violent instruments to defend one’s interests, and, on the other hand, increases the relative costs of participating in armed uprisings. Hence, the authors put forward a hypothesis, according to which in countries with a higher percentage of the population with formal education, the likelihood of armed revolutionary uprisings will decrease. The analysis of 387 revolutionary events that took place in the world from 1950 to 2019 conducted via cross-tabulation, correlation and regression methods, fully confirms the hypothesis: high level of education is indeed a strong and significant predictor of the unarmed nature of revolutionary upheavals. The correlation is especially high between the proportion of revolutionary events and the average number of years of schooling (in the logged form), which approaches the level of functional depen dence. Therefore, the factor of education has the maximum influence on the nature of revolutionary uprisings precisely in the early stages of modernization.

Students and protests: A quantitative cross-national analysis

“…Those with lower income and educational attainment are characterized by lower of all forms of participation on average, primarily due to the barriers to participation that education would otherwise help them overcome (Teixeira, 1992), and a general apathetic disposition to the political process (Gaventa, 1982). That said, as past research has shown, societies without high levels of educational attainment are not devoid of political protests, but instead, they are of a qualitatively different form: violent rebelling and rioting (Beissinger, 2022;Sawyer and Korotayev, 2022;Ustyuzhanin et al, 2022).…”