Education and risk for acute myocardial infarction in 52 high, middle and low-income countries: INTERHEART case-control study

Rosengren, Annika; Subramanian, S. V.; Islam, Shofiqul; Chow, Clara K; Avezum, Álvaro; Kazmi, Khawar; Sliwa, Karen; Zubaid, Mohammad; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Yusuf, Salim

doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.182436

Cited by 116 publications

(110 citation statements)

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“…This relationship is consistent with studies previously conducted in different regions of the world [13,16,18,26]. A study [27] describes a Meta-analysis study on the socioeconomic position and incident of AMI.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Eight (8) studies had illustrated the association between family history of heart diseases and risk of MI. The characteristics of the study subjects and the designs of the studies have been presented in Tables 1-3. In Table 4 Figure 2 shows that the odds ratios of all the eighth studies are greater than 1 but six studies are significant and also shows that three studies [14][15][16] have the same effect like the overall estimate and remaining 5 studies have different effect. Figure 3 shows that the odds ratios of the seven studies are greater than 1 but four studies are significant and also shows that two studies [17,18] have same effect like the overall estimate and other 5 other studies have different effect.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study conducted in India [20] showed the risk of developing MI three times more among males as compared with the females. An Interheart case control study conducted in the 52 countries of the world has also shown that the women had experienced their first MI on the average nine years later than the men in all the different regions of the world [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Education is generally regarded as an indicator of an individual's general knowledge and problem solving skills. Low level of education is the most consistent risk factor for MI globally [16]. It has been observed that a person who does not get education is at a greater risk of developing MI than that that gets any type of education [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non Clinical Risk Factors of Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis Approach

Mr¹,

Ansar²,

Hanif³

et al. 2017

J Biom Biostat

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IntroductionCardiovascular disease is a commonly used term that refers to the diseases that affect the heart and other parts of the cardiac system of the body. The cardiovascular diseases that affect the coronary arteries of the heart are called Coronary Heart Diseases (CHD) [1]. Myocardial Infarction (MI) is one of the diseases in this group. A large number of people die every year due to this fatal disease. In 2013, the number of people who died from cardiovascular disease (CVD) was more than 17.3 million (95% uncertainty interval, 16.5 to 18.1), representing an increase from 1990 of 40.8% [2]. The burden of Coronary Heart Disease is increasing at a greater rate in South Asian countries than the other countries of the world. It has been estimated that the risk of MI would be doubled in the next 20 years [3]. According to American Heart Association, approximately one of every six deaths in United States is caused by MI [4,5]. Another study showed that the high prevalence of MI in Pakistan with more than 30% of the population over 45 years of age is affected by this disease [3]. This statistics has revealed that this disease is growing at alarming rate in the world. A mammoth literature is available on this disease. As a result many medical, social, economic, demographic risk factors were explored in the literature.In this literature medical factors got significant attention by medical professionals and practitioners. The least attention has been paid to non-clinical factors (demographic and socioeconomic factors) which can play significant role in causing MI [6][7][8]. Age, gender and family history of MI are demographic factors and education is a socioeconomic factor. Age and gender has been found as powerful risk factors of MI [9]. It has also been observed that chances of getting MI increases as the age of the patients increases. Another study shows that MI in patients less than the age of 40 is 10% of all the cases [10]. A study conducted in Bangladesh shows that the incidence of AMI was more frequent among the patients of age group 50-59 years [11]. Recently a health survey conducted in England suggests that 4% of men and 0.5% of women have had an MI [12]; however, after the age of 70 both genders have equal chance of getting this disease. It has been observed that women have experienced their first MI on the average 9 years later than men [13].Family history of heart diseases has also emerged as an important predictor of MI in many studies. A family history of MI increases the risk of CHD especially for MI. The National Cholesterol Education Program highlights that an individual may have a positive history of MI if his close blood relative male (father or brother) has MI younger than 55 years or female (his mother or sister) has MI younger than 65 years [14]. AbstractBackground: Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a coronary heart disease that is one of the main causes of the mortality over the globe. There are various clinical and non-clinical risk factors that can be further classified as modifiable and non...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Non Clinical Risk Factors of Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis Approach

Mr¹,

Ansar²,

Hanif³

et al. 2017

J Biom Biostat

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show abstract

“…In developed countries, the lower socioeconomic status groups tend to have a worse lipid risk profile (data on the Lp(a) are scarce) and higher CVD mortality than the better off [30]. Socioeconomic status is a major determinant of health, lifestyle and health-related behaviour, sufficient quantities of food and quality of nutrition, and opportunities for education [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipoprotein(a) in Children of Asian Indian Descendants and Their Caucasian Neighbors: The Slovak Lipid Community Study

Alberty

Albertyová

2012

Ind J Clin Biochem

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To elucidate a higher rate of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Asian Indian descendants (Roma) in Slovakia, we investigated frequency distribution, correlates and relationship of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] to family CVD risk factors in Roma children and their Caucasian neighbors. The study sample consisted of 607 healthy children aged 7-18 years (55% Roma, 48% male) as part of the biracial (Roma-Caucasian) Slovak Lipid Community Study. Overall, frequency distribution data of Lp(a) were highly skewed to low concentrations, with markedly higher Lp(a) levels in Roma than in Caucasian children (median and range, mg/dL: 14.5; 0-159.2 vs 6.2; 0-112.3, P \ 0.001), regardless of age and gender. Lp(a) was positively correlated with apo B (0.159, P = 0.004) in Roma, and LDL cholesterol (0.170, P = 0.005) in Caucasian children. In addition, daily income of the family was negatively related with Lp(a) in Roma (-0.134, P = 0.036) while positively in Caucasians (0.136, P = 0.047). For both race groups, no significant association was found between Lp(a) and age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, smoking, and physical activity. Also, no significant relationships were examined between serum Lp(a) levels [30 mg/dL in children and family CVD risk factors, except for diabetes mellitus in parents of Caucasian origin (OR 4.46;. In a multivariate analysis, daily income, LDL cholesterol or apo B explained *7% of the variance of Lp(a). This study suggests a significantly higher serum Lp(a) levels in Roma than in Caucasian children and a small effect, in general, of relevant CVD risk factors on the variation of Lp(a) levels in childhood.

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