“…However, the aspirations also partly seem to rely on the implicit assumption that the mere presence of culturally different "others" will somehow lead to the development of intercultural competence, a view that is refuted in recent research (Leask & Carroll, 2011;Vande Berg, Paige, & Lou, 2012;Leask, 2014;Gregersen-Hermans, 2015;Keizer-Remmers, 2017). Instead, these and other researchers (Deardorff, 2015;de Wit, Hunter, & Coelen, 2015;Rönnström, 2016) stress the importance of intentional learning and curriculum design, a focus on the process, and ongoing assessment of the impact and the outcomes of international education. Moreover, Deardorff and Arasaratnam-Smith (2017, p. 294) strongly emphasise the "intentionality" (of educators, learners and institutions), as "intercultural competence does not just happen".…”