Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals

Assari, Shervin; Bazargan, Mohsen

doi:10.3390/bs9100103

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The same pattern is shown for ethnic minority youth with highly educated parents (Assari et al, 2020a). While past research shows that MDRs can emerge due to race (Assari et al, 2018e), ethnicity , and sexual orientation (Assari and Bazargan, 2019a), this study suggests that it may also be shaped by place. As a result of such MDRs, youth develop undesired outcomes despite having highly educated parents.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth

et al. 2020

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Background: Youth educational outcomes are a function of a wide range of factors including parental education level. This effect, however, is shown to be smaller for African American, Hispanic, and Asian American youth, a pattern called Marginalizationrelated Diminished Returns (MDRs). It is, however, unknown if it is race/ethnicity or other conditions associated with race/ethnicity (e.g., poor neighborhood quality) which reduces the marginal returns of parental education for youth. Aim: To explore whether MDRs are only due to race/ethnicity or if they also remain for non-Hispanic Whites in poor neighborhoods, we compared the association between parental education level and adolescents' school performance based on neighborhood quality in a nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic Whites in the United States. Methods: This cross-sectional study used wave 1 of the Add Health study, an ongoing nationally representative cohort, 1994-2019. Participants included 849 non-Hispanic White adolescents between the ages of 12 and 21 years and their parents. The independent variable was parental education level, which was treated as a continuous measure. Age, grade, gender, and parental marital status were the covariates. The dependent variable was school performance (sum of school grades in Math, English, History, and Science). Linear regression models were used for data analysis. Results: Overall, worse neighborhood quality was associated with worse school performance. Parental education level, however, was not directly associated with youth school performance. We found a statistically significant interaction between parental education level and neighborhood quality suggesting that the strength of the association between parental education and youth school performance weakens as neighborhood quality declines.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth

et al. 2020

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“…39 Moreover, it is not just income; 25 educational attainment, 32 occupation, 39 and marital status 46 all generate less health for the majority than for marginalized people. Social marginalization, regardless of its type, whether based on race, 61 ethnicity, 23,34 sexual orientation, [43][44][45] or immigration, are consistently associated with less health gain from income and other SES indicators. 61 The robust and consistent nature of MDRs shift the blame from marginalized people to the society that reduces the gain of all vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observation that as income increases, the psychological well-being of middle-aged and older adults improves, but less for immigrants than non-immigrants, is an extension of previous literature on MDRs 21,22 of income, [23][24][25][26][27] educational attainment, 36 occupation, 29,30 and marital status 46 on a wide range of mental health outcomes, including psychological distress, 54 depression, 24,55 suicide, 31 and anxiety. 46 These MDRs go beyond physical health outcomes and extend to behavioral outcomes such as vaping, 33 smoking, 35,42,44,56,57 drinking, 34,58 diet, 59 and exercise. 11 Finally, MDRs are seen for physical health outcomes such as obesity, 36,37 self-rated health, 23,32,54 CMCs, 25,26,38 disability, 60 and mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income and Mental Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Older Americans: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns

Assari

2020

Int J Travel Med Glob Health

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Introduction: Although income is among the major social determinants of mental health of middle-aged and older individuals, socially marginalized groups gain less health from their income and other socioeconomic status (SES) resources compared to socially privileged groups. This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). Most of the existing knowledge on MDRs, however, has been derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. As a result, very limited information exists on whether similar MDRs can be observed for middle-aged and older immigrants or not. Building on the MDRs framework, this study compared a national sample of immigrants and non-immigrants for the effects of income on the mental well-being of middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) enrolled 14149 middle-aged and older individuals who were either immigrants (n=1977; 14.0%) or non-immigrants (n=12166; 86.0%). The independent variable (IV) was income that was treated as a continuous variable. The dependent variable was mental well-being, also treated as a continuous variable. Age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, marital status, employment, self-rated health, obesity, and region were confounders. Immigration (nativity status) was the moderator. Logistic regression was applied for data analysis. Results: High income was associated with higher odds of good mental well-being in middle-aged and older adults. However, immigration showed a significant statistical interaction with income, which was suggestive of a smaller protective effect of high income on mental well-being for immigrant than non-immigrant middle-aged and older adults. Conclusion: In line with MDRs, the association between income and mental well-being is weaker for immigrant than non-immigrant middle-aged and older adults. There is a need to help high income immigrants secure health outcomes similar to those of non-immigrants. Such changes may require bold and innovative economic, public, and social policies that help immigrants more effectively translate their income and socioeconomic resources into tangible outcomes such as mental well-being.

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“…Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks show education and income gradient in depression (26,27), smoking (28,29), number of chronic medical conditions (11), disability (30), hospitalization (31), and mortality (32,33). Although the same MDRs are also seen for Hispanics (34,35) (36), Asian Americans (37), Native Americans (38), and even lesbians, gays, and bisexuals (39)(40)(41), these patterns are most pronounced for non-Hispanic Black people (22,42).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Education and Income Better Boost the Health of Non-Hispanic White than Black Americans

Assari

Bazargan

2020

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Background. Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education and income influence population health including but not limited to self-rated health (SRH). Based on Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, we observe weaker health effects SES indicators for non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites. While such diminished returns of SES resources are shown in nationally representative data and Michigan data, there is still a need to replicate these findings in other settings. This is particularly relevant because the effects of social SES indicators are not universal but vary across geographic locations. This cross-sectional study tested racial differences in the effects of high educational attainment and income on SRH among Californian adults. Methods. Survey of California Adults on Serious Illness and End-of-Life is a representative survey of Californian adults conducted for the California Health Care Foundation. The independent variables were educational attainment and income. The main outcome was poor/fair SRH. Age, gender, marital status, and employment were control variables (confounders). Racial group membership was the effect modifier. Linear regression model was utilized to analyze the data. Results. Overall, higher education and income were associated with better SRH. Race showed significant statistical interactions with education and income on SRH, indicating weaker boosting effects of high education and income on SRH of non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. At least some of the diminished return of education on health for non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites was due to income. Conclusions. While high education and income improve SRH of Californians, these effects are unequal between non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites with education and income showing diminished health returns for non-Hispanic Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites. More than the availability of education and income, what populations can do with their education and income may be important. Under segregation, racism, and discrimination, education and income have weaker effects on changing the living condition of the historically oppressed racial group. To close the existing racial gap in health, we need much more than equalizing access to education and income. Education quality of urban public schools should be improved. Types of occupations that are available in Black communities should be improved. Meanwhile, non-Hispanic Black middle class should be helped so they can better leverage their SES resources and turn to outcomes. Such changes need a through change to the living conditions of non-Hispanic Blacks across all SES levels.

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Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals

Cited by 27 publications

References 57 publications

Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth

Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth

Income and Mental Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Older Americans: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns

Education and Income Better Boost the Health of Non-Hispanic White than Black Americans

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