Mobile handheld devices are increasingly being used in education. In this paper, we undertook a review of empirical based articles to summarise the current research regarding the use of mobile handheld devices (personal digital assistants/PDAs, palmtops, and mobile phones) in K-12 and higher education settings. This review was guided by the following four questions: (a) How are mobile handheld devices such as PDAs, palmtops, and mobile phones used by students and teachers? (b) What types of research methods have been applied using such devices? (c) What data collection methods are used in the research? and (d) What research topics have been conducted on these handheld devices in education settings, as well as their related findings? We summarise and discuss some major findings from the research, as well as several limitations of previous empirical studies. We conclude by providing some recommendations for future research related to mobile handheld devices in education settings.
IntroductionIn the last few years, mobile handheld devices have emerged as a tool for teachers and students to use in K-12 and higher education settings. In this article, we adapted Becta's definition (cited in Perry, 2003) to refer to mobile handheld devices as any small machines that can be carried easily in one's palm and provide computing, as well as information storage and retrieval capabilities. Mobile handheld devices differ from other mobile tools such as laptops because the latter, although portable, are typically not small and light enough to fit in one's palm. Figure 1, adapted from Seppälä and Alamäki (2003), provides a pictorial illustration of the relationship between mobile handheld devices with laptops and desktop personal computers.One of the promises that mobile handheld devices hold is that of a one device to student ratio (Mifsud, 2004). Such a ratio enables a change from the occasional and supplemental use associated with computer laboratories, to more frequent and integral use of portable computer technology in teaching and learning (Roschelle, 2003; Tinker & Krajcik, 2001). Some researchers (e.g. Soloway et al., 2001) believe that such devices have the potential to revolutionise learning, allowing students to undertake learning activities wherever they happen to be. Furthermore, because mobile handheld devices are personal and portable, they may incite in learners a sense of personal ownership over learning tasks and the technologies used to support learning (Hennessy, 2000).The purpose of this article is to review the empirical literature pertaining to the use of mobile handheld devices in K-12 and higher education settings. In this article, we limit our review of handhelds to devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), 154 Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2009, 25(2) palmtops, and mobile phones. PDAs are shirt pocket sized devices equipped with computer capabilities (Baumgart, 2005;Churchill & Churchill, 2007). PDAs typically come with a touch sensitive screen, a pen/stylus input inter...