Educational attainment, corruption, and migration: An empirical analysis from a gravity model

Arif, Imran

doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105802

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The nearest distance method neglects the quantity and quality of the research units, while the proportion method cannot reflect the spatial barrier effect of the supply and demand sides. Compared with these two methods, the potential model can comprehensively consider such factors as the spatial barrier and the distance attenuation between hospitals and residential areas [ 45 , 46 ]. Therefore, this model can more comprehensively reflect the accessibility level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of the Referral System on the Accessibility of Healthcare Services: A Case Study of the Wuhan Metropolitan Development Zone

Chen

2022

IJERPH

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The geographical accessibility of public healthcare institutions is the key factor affecting the equity of healthcare services. Based on the hierarchical medical system and referral system in China, we analyzed the referral accessibility of hospitals in the Wuhan Metropolitan Development Zone. Before the implementation of the referral system, only 7.91% of the total communities met the accessibility standard for secondary and tertiary hospitals, which meant that there was significant inequality in high-level healthcare. Moreover, 5.4% of the total communities did not meet the accessibility standard for primary hospitals, which meant that there were insufficient primary hospitals. After the implementation of the referral system, the proportions of communities meeting the accessibility standards for the first-stage referral, second-stage referral and cross-level referral were 92.6%, 99.9% and 98.3%, respectively. The results show that the referral system has improved the accessibility of healthcare, but it has not completely solved healthcare inequality. The first-stage referral accessibility of healthcare services in the northern, western and eastern groups does not meet the accessibility standard, which is due to the inefficient layout of secondary hospitals. The Wuhan government should construct secondary hospitals in these groups and primary hospitals in the central urban area and the southeastern, southern, western and eastern groups.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of the Referral System on the Accessibility of Healthcare Services: A Case Study of the Wuhan Metropolitan Development Zone

Chen

2022

IJERPH

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“…Another finding of the study is that the role of political institutions outweighed economic institutions in terms of affecting migration flows. Using bilateral migration data from 122 countries in the years 1990 and 2000, Arif (2022) analysed the association between education, corruption and migration flows. According to the results of the study, the countries in which corruption is at a relatively lower level attract more immigrants, especially highly educated ones, because they are more sensitive to corruption.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the gravity model has been commonly used in international trade analysis following the pioneer studies of Tinbergen (1962) and Pöyhönen (1963), later on, it also has been started to be employed in the migration domain thanks to accessibility to bilateral migration data among countries (see. Arif, 2022; Aziz et al., 2022; Ramos, 2016). The most commonly used basic gravity variables are the economic sizes of the origin and the destination countries and the physical distance between these country pairs.…”

Section: Econometric Model and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Institutional quality and emigration nexus: Empirical evidence from Türkiye

Akça,

Çelik

2024

International Migration

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This study attempts to fill an important gap in the empirical literature by investigating the impact of institutional quality in destination countries on emigrants from Türkiye using bilateral migration data from 2010 through 2020. For this purpose, the study builds an augmented gravity model, including economic, geographic, and cultural variables in an exponential form and estimates it by the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method. Empirical results significantly confirm the pulling role of strong institutions in destination countries for emigrants from Türkiye since all institutional quality indicators are positively associated with emigrant movements, albeit just one of them, regulatory quality, is statistically insignificant. Among indicators of institutional quality, the most pulling ones for emigrants are voice and accountability and the rule of law, followed by government effectiveness, control of corruption, and political stability and absence of violence, respectively. Overall results indicate that institutions are front‐line players in the emigrants' migration decision and destination choice process. In this context, policy‐makers in both Türkiye and the destination country may implement an institutional policy considering the outcomes stemming from migration movements.

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“…Similarly, Kao et al (2022) showed that increasing the education of the voter population can counteract vote buying by politicians because of awareness about the advantage of elections. Arif (2022) found that migrant populations with higher levels of education are eager to choose countries with reduced corruption rates as their destinations. In line with this, Sarwar and Hayat (2021) evidenced that education reduces violence and political instability improves the rule of law and economic growth.…”

Section: Controlling Corruption Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arif (2022) found that migrant populations with higher levels of education are eager to choose countries with reduced corruption rates as their destinations. In line with this, Sarwar and Hayat (2021) evidenced that education reduces violence and political instability improves the rule of law and economic growth.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling corruption in African countries: innovation, financial inclusion and access to education as alternative measures

Jungo

Madaleno²,

Botelho³

2023

IJSE

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PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of financial inclusion and financial innovation on corruption, considering the moderating role of education, as well as identify the specific modality of digital inclusion and payments that contribute to corruption reduction.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a representative sample consisting of 46 African countries in three different years 2011, 2014 and 2017. On the data, feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), instrumental variables – two stages least squares (IV-2SLS) and two-stage generalized method of moments (IV-2GMM) model estimation methods were employed.FindingsThe results suggest that financial inclusion and education significantly reduce corruption. As well, the interaction between financial inclusion and education reduces corruption. Additionally, the authors find that the expansion of bank credit and the use of credit and debit cards are the specific modes of financial inclusion and digital payments that can contribute to corruption reduction.Research limitations/implicationsThis study awakens policymakers in African countries about the need to consider education as an alternative measure to support financial inclusion and reduce the use of physical cash in transactions for an effective fight against corruption.Practical implicationsRegarding practical implications, the study shows that financial inclusion besides reducing poverty for households can contribute to macroeconomic stability in Africa.Originality/valueThe study uses a representative sample composed of 46 African countries and considers the role of education in moderating the relationship between financial inclusion and financial innovation on corruption. Furthermore, the study identifies the specific modality of financial inclusion and digital payments that contribute to corruption reduction.

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Educational attainment, corruption, and migration: An empirical analysis from a gravity model

Cited by 20 publications

References 56 publications

The Effect of the Referral System on the Accessibility of Healthcare Services: A Case Study of the Wuhan Metropolitan Development Zone

The Effect of the Referral System on the Accessibility of Healthcare Services: A Case Study of the Wuhan Metropolitan Development Zone

Institutional quality and emigration nexus: Empirical evidence from Türkiye

Controlling corruption in African countries: innovation, financial inclusion and access to education as alternative measures

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