Educational Equity Through Combined Human-AI Personalization: A Propensity Matching Evaluation

Improving Student Learning with Hybrid Human-AI Tutoring: A Three-Study Quasi-Experimental Investigation

“…The main obstacle to improving math performance among middle school students lies in ensuring fair and equal access to effective learning opportunities [7,20]. While economically disadvantaged and historically underserved students have the potential to excel when given the same resources as their peers (c.f., [18]), they often face learning gaps due to limited access [7].…”

“…The main obstacle to improving math performance among middle school students lies in ensuring fair and equal access to effective learning opportunities [7,20]. While economically disadvantaged and historically underserved students have the potential to excel when given the same resources as their peers (c.f., [18]), they often face learning gaps due to limited access [7]. Individualized instruction via tutoring can have consistent and significant positive impacts on student achievement and learning [12,20], particularly when deployed among middle and high school grades in math and during the school day, as opposed to after school [25] and when delivered by trained tutors attending to students' socio-motivational needs and relationship building [6,19].…”

“…Additionally, there are complications related to inclusivity, which inadequately addresses the diverse needs of students, including English language learners and those with disabilities [32]. The challenges facing math learning related to access, equity, fairness, and inclusion have fostered collaborative and focused efforts on AI-assisted human-technology ecosystems that increase learning opportunities for all students [7,30].…”

“…However, providing intensive, individualized human tutoring to the millions of students deemed in need of support is costly and requires more human capital than society is likely to mobilize [20]-hence, the emergence of AI as a complement to human tutoring. Advances in AI and learning analytics have created opportunities to increase tutoring efficiency and lower tutor-to-student ratios [2,7]. AI-assisted (also known as, AI-augmented, AI-in-the-loop, AI-supported) human tutoring works by having the AI provide the adaptive math instruction, heavily researched and well-known to be effective [25], with humans providing as-needed socio-motivational intervention and relationship-building support [7].…”

“…Advances in AI and learning analytics have created opportunities to increase tutoring efficiency and lower tutor-to-student ratios [2,7]. AI-assisted (also known as, AI-augmented, AI-in-the-loop, AI-supported) human tutoring works by having the AI provide the adaptive math instruction, heavily researched and well-known to be effective [25], with humans providing as-needed socio-motivational intervention and relationship-building support [7]. An example in practice is the application of a real-time AI-driven dashboard to support effective use of tutor's time during tutoring and differentiating student support by allocating tutor time to students who need it most.…”