Educational gender inequality in the Muslim world: A problem of a cultural heritage, religion, or modernization?

Al-Kohlani, Sumaia A.

doi:10.1111/ssqu.13046

“…Indicating that sociocognitive empowerment may empower women to deviate from extremist religious interpretations 35. Furthermore, countries with more conservative Muslim societies often display less openness to the impacts of modernisation 52. Considering that there is a larger educational gender gap among Muslims compared with followers of other religions,52 highly empowered Muslims likely represent a specific group characterised by exceptional education levels and a greater willingness to embrace new ideas and technologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35 Furthermore, countries with more conservative Muslim societies often display less openness to the impacts of modernisation. 52 Considering that there is a larger educational gender gap among Muslims compared with followers of other religions, 52 highly empowered Muslims likely represent a specific group characterised by exceptional education levels and a greater willingness to embrace new ideas and technologies. Further exploration is required to better understand the pathways through which women's empowerment operates within Muslim communities.…”

Section: Global Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between women’s empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multireligious African countries

Hellwig,

Wado,

Barros

2024

BMJ Glob Health

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BackgroundAlthough the levels of demand for family planning satisfied (DFPS) have increased in many countries, cultural norms remain a significant barrier in low- and middle-income countries. In the context of multireligious African countries, our objective was to investigate intersectional inequalities in DFPS by modern or traditional contraceptives according to religion and women’s empowerment.MethodsAnalyses were based on Demographic and Health Surveys carried out between 2010 and 2021 in African countries. Countries with at least 10% of Muslims and Christians were selected to analyse inequalities in family planning. The religious groups were characterised by wealth, area of residence, women’s age and women’s empowerment. The mean level of empowerment was estimated for each religious group, and multilevel Poisson regression was used to assess whether DFPS varied based on the level of women’s empowerment among Muslims and Christians.ResultsOur study sample of 14 countries comprised 35% of Muslim and 61% of Christian women. Christians had higher levels of empowerment across all three domains compared with Muslims and women with no/other religion. DFPS was also higher among Christians (57%) than among Muslims (36%). Pooled analysis indicated a consistent association between DFPS and women’s empowerment, with higher prevalence ratios among Muslims than Christians, especially in the decision-making domain.ConclusionsThe gap between Muslims and Christians in DFPS significantly reduced as the level of empowerment increased. It highlights the importance of understanding and addressing cultural factors sensibly and respectfully to satisfy the demand for family planning services.

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“…Our findings indicate that the effects of women's empowerment on DFPS were significantly higher among Muslims, with highly empowered Muslims showing the highest levels of DFPS. Studies have consistently found a larger educational gender gap among Muslims compared to followers of other religions (48). Furthermore, countries with more conservative Muslim societies often display less openness to the impacts of modernization (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have consistently found a larger educational gender gap among Muslims compared to followers of other religions (48). Furthermore, countries with more conservative Muslim societies often display less openness to the impacts of modernization (48). Highly empowered Muslims likely represent a specific group characterized by exceptional education levels and a greater willingness to embrace new ideas and technologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between women’s empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multi-religious African countries

Hellwig¹,

Wado

²

,

Barros

³

2023

Preprint

1

0

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BackgroundAlthough the levels of demand for family planning satisfied (DFPS) have increased in many countries, cultural norms remain a significant barrier in low- and middle-income countries. In the context of multi-religious African countries, our objective was to investigate intersectional inequalities in DFPS by modern or traditional contraceptives according to religion and women’s empowerment.MethodsAnalyses were based on Demographic and Health Surveys carried out between 2010 and 2021 in African countries. Countries with at least 10% of Muslims and Christians were selected to analyze inequalities in family planning. The religious groups were characterized by wealth, area of residence, women’s age, and women’s empowerment. The mean level of empowerment was estimated for each religious group, and multilevel Poisson regression was used to assess whether demand for family planning satisfied varied based on the level of women’s empowerment among Muslims and Christians.ResultsOur study sample of 14 countries comprised 35% of Muslim and 61% of Christian women. Christians had higher levels of empowerment across all three domains compared to Muslims and women with no/other religion. DFPS was also higher among Christians (57%) than among Muslims (36%). Pooled analysis indicated a consistent association between DFPS and women’s empowerment, with higher prevalence ratios among Muslims than Christians, especially in the decision-making domain.ConclusionsThe gap between Muslims and Christians in DFPS significantly reduced as the level of empowerment increased. It highlights the importance of understanding and addressing cultural factors sensibly and respectfully to satisfy the demand for family planning services.Research in contextWhat is already known on this topic– Prior studies have demonstrated that there is a complex and variable relationship between religion and family planning beliefs in sub-Saharan Africa.– Higher fertility and lower use of contraceptives among Muslims than among Christians were documented in several African countries.– The literature on the relationship between women’s empowerment and contraceptive use is mixed, with some studies identifying null associations and others finding positive associations.– A qualitative study conducted in Tanzania has identified that both religion and gender dynamics influence family planning practices.What this study adds– Our study builds on the prior literature by using data from 148,989 women to investigate intersectional inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied by religion and women’s empowerment across multiple countries.– While Muslim was the group with lower levels of women’s empowerment in the three SWPER domains, African Christians were on average more empowered than the average of women from all low- and middle-income countries.– Lower levels of DFPS were also identified among Muslim women, however, the coverage increased significantly with their empowerment. With the highly empowered Muslims having higher mDFPS than the highly empowered Christians.– Among the SWPER domains, stronger effects were found in the decision-making domain.– Higher pooled prevalence ratios were identified when considering traditional methods instead of modern contraceptives.How this study might affect research, practice, or policy– This study can help researchers, policymakers, and policy managers to better understand how social norms affect the use of family planning services. While religious beliefs can be a challenge to family planning, promoting gender equity and empowering women can help to mitigate these challenges and improve access to reproductive healthcare services for women.

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The Content of the Process for Forming the Concepts of Tolerance in Primary Class Students

Mohammad

2024

jpn

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In this article, the content of the concept of tolerance and the essence of the processes aimed at forming the concept of tolerance in primary classes are reflected in the article. This article examines the pivotal role of tolerance in the multi-ethnic society of Uzbekistan, emphasizing its relevance in mitigating conflicts arising from diverse cultural values. This article draws on a combination of qualitative and descriptive methods, integrating historical and cultural contexts to analyze the evolution of tolerance concepts. This article concludes by underscoring the transformative power of tolerance in fostering resilience and internationality, drawing inspiration from the enduring examples of the Uzbek people.

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Educational gender inequality in the Muslim world: A problem of a cultural heritage, religion, or modernization?

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Association between women’s empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multireligious African countries

Association between women’s empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multireligious African countries

Association between women’s empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multi-religious African countries

The Content of the Process for Forming the Concepts of Tolerance in Primary Class Students

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